I hope you will be filing all these valuable keystrokes away for future use. Paul. Table of Contents (To find a particular section or heading, use your word- processor's or editor's search facility, e.g. type the string "Basic Word Macros" to find that subheading or just type "44.1." to find it via its paragraph number. You could also highlight the whole section or sub-section heading line in the TOC and then copy it to the Clipboard (CONTROL C), followed by ARROWING down once and then opening the Find dialogue box, pasting (CONTROL V) the highlighted heading text into the Filename editbox and then press ENTER and then ESCAPE. Additionally, all main sections are separated by a centred row of eight asterisks. See the sub- section entitled "Find" to learn how to use the Find feature effectively.) Foreword and Restrictions Target Group Conventions Available Tutorial Formats Suggested Approaches for Effective Reading of this Tutorial Important Note 1.1. How to Start Word and Make it More Screenreader-Friendly 1.2. Introduction 1.3. How to Start Word 1.3.1. Start Menu Method 1.3.2. Folders Navigation Method 1.3.3. Run Dialogue Method 1.3.4. Desktop Shortcut Method 1.4. Creating a Shortcut from which to launch Word 1.5. Speech-Friendly Word Adjustments 1.5.1. Turning the Word 97 Office Assistant Off 1.5.2. Turning the Word 2000, 2002 and 2003 Office Assistant Off 1.6. Screenreader Hot Keys for Word 1.6.1. JAWS 4, 4.5, 5 and 6 Special Hot Keys for Word 1.6.2. HAL 5, 6 and 6.5 Special Hot Keys 1.6.3. Window-Eyes 4.0-4.5, 5.0 and 5.5 Special Hot Keys and Set- Up 1.6.4. Configuring Window-Eyes to Work with Word 2.1. Typing and Moving Around on the Word document Screen 2.2. Pen-Picture of the Basic Word Screen 2.3. Keyboarding and Editing 2.4. Generating Diaeretics and Accents in a Document 2.5. Moving Around a Document on the Word Screen 2.6. Cursor Insertion Point and Mouse Pointer 2.7. Spell-Checking Your Work and Using the Custom Dictionary 2.7.1. Spell-Checking 2.7.2. Amending or Removing Words from the Custom Dictionary 2.8. Saving and Reopening a Document 2.8.1. Saving a Document to the Hard Disk 2.8.2. Opening a Document from the Hard Disk 2.8.3. Saving a Document to a Floppy Disk 2.8.4. Opening a Document from a Floppy Disk 2.9. Viewing, Deleting, Renaming, Moving and Forwarding a File on a Floppy or Hard Disk 2.10. Shutting Word Down 2.11. Multiple Open documents 2.12. Non-Breaking Hyphens and Spaces 2.13. Revealing and Viewing the Background codes of a Document in Word 2002 and 2003 2.14. Locating Where to Sign a Letter or Similar Document 3.1. Highlighting/Selecting Text and Objects 3.1.1. Word's Unique Way of Highlighting Text 3.1.2. The Generic Windows Method Of Highlighting 4.1. Text Attributes 5.1. Manually Moving from One Page to Another 6.1. The Find Feature 7.1. Find and Replace 8.1. Goto 9.1. Cut, Copy and Paste with the Windows and Word Clipboards 9.2. Cut, Copy and Paste with the Word 97 Clipboard 9.3. Cut, Copy and Paste with the Word 2000 Clipboard 9.4. Cut, Copy and Paste with the Word 2002 and 2003 Clipboard 10.1. Headers and Footers 11.1. Word Help 11.2. The Word 97 Contents and Index Help System 11.3. The Word 2000 Contents, Index and Answer Wizard Help System 11.4. The Word 2002/XP Contents, Index and Answer Wizard Help System 11.5. The Word 2003 Online and Internet Links Help system 12.1. Page Layout and Page Size 13.1. Printing and On-Screen Displaying with a particular Font Size and Type 13.2. Viewing and Changing Normal Printing Attributes 13.2.1. Changing the Font for the Current Print Job Only 13.2.2. Changing the Font for All Future Print Jobs 13.2.3. Changing the Font for Part of a Document Only 13.3. On-Screen Special Effects 14.1. Printing via the Printer 14.2. Printing Consecutive or Non-Consecutive Ranges of Pages 14.3. Printing Options: Draft, Background and Comments Printing 14.4. Printing Your Document with Landscape Orientation 14.5. Centring a Document Vertically on a Page 15.1. Bookmarks 16.1. Page Numbering 17.1. Line Spacing 18.1. Sorting Text 19.1. Changing Case 20.1. AutoFormatting 20.2. Borders 20.3. Eye-Catching Asterisks/Bullets 20.4. Indentation Matching 20.5. Simple Heading Styles 20.6. Ordinal Number and Fraction Formatting 20.7. Quick Table Creation 20.8. AutoFormatting Document Types 21.1. AutoText 22.1. AutoCorrect 23.1. AutoSummarise 24.1. Setting Out Text in Columns 24.2. Tabstops 24.3. Leader Dots Between Columns 25.1. Creating, formatting, using formulae in and Entering Text in Tables 25.2. Table Navigation Shortcut Keystrokes 25.3. Highlighting Table Components 25.4. Default Table Characteristics 25.5. Creating a Table and Moving Around in it 25.6. Inserting Formatting Attributes into a Table's Text 25.7. Merging and Splitting Table Cells 25.8. Performing Calculations in a Table 25.9. Inserting Blank Columns and Rows into a Table and Deleting Columns and Rows 25.10. Sorting Text in Tables 25.11. Printing Tables in Landscape 25.12. Converting Tables to Paragraph Format and Vice Versa 25.13. Automatic Table Formatting 25.14. Creating a Simple Chart from Table Data 26.1. Paragraph Formatting 27.1. Newspaper Columns 28.1. Word Count 29.1. Setting Up and Printing Envelopes 29.2. Envelope and Printing Options 29.3. Alternative Envelope Addressing Methods 30.1. Creating and Printing Labels 30.2. Printing the same Address on all Labels on a Sheet or Single Labels 30.3. Simultaneously printing Labels with Different Addresses on the same Sheet 30.4. Saving Whole sheets of Differently Address Labels to a Template for Repeated Use 30.5. Changing Printer Paper Size for Labels 31.1. Creating a Selection of Formatted Letters with the Word Letter Wizard 32.1. Customising Word 32.2. Creating Your Own Keyboard Shortcuts or Changing Existing Shortcuts 32.3. Modifying Word's Options 33.1. Creating and Retrieving Templates 33.2. Where Templates are Stored and About the Normal.dot Template 34.1. Bulleted and Numbered Lists 35.1. Inserting the Date and/or the Time into a Document 36.1. Mail Merge 36.2. Mail Merge with Word 97 and 2000 36.3. Mail Merge of Letters with the Word 2002 and 2003 Mail Merge Wizard 36.4. Mail Merge of E-Mails withe the Word 2002 and 2003 Mail Merge Wizard 37.1. Forwarding a Document by E-mail 38.1. Footnotes and Endnotes 39.1. Creating and Using Hierarchical Heading Styles 39.2. Using Word's Own IN-BUILT Styles 39.3. Creating Your Own Styles 40.1. Automatically Generating a Table of Contents 41.1. Embedded Cross- References and Jumping Directly to the Reference 42.1. Inserting Jump-to Hyperlinks into a Document 42.2. Inserting a Link to Jump to another File from Your Current document 42.3. Inserting Pictures into Your Documents Directly from a Scanner or Camera 42.4. Formatting a Picture or other Object 42.5. Inserting an AutoShape into Your Document 43.1. Putting Shading and plain or Ornamental Borders Around Text, Paragraphs and Whole Pages 44.1. Basic Word Macros 44.2. Recording a Macro 44.3. Running a Macro 44.4. Working Macro Example 45.1. Saving Time by Using Smart Tags in Word with JAWS and Window-Eyes 45.2. What are Smart Tags 45.3. Turning Smart Tags On or Off 45.4. Examples of Smart Tags in Action 46.1. Using Speech in Word 2002 and 2003 to Dictate Documents and Give Commands 46.2. Setting Up and Training Speech 46.3. Dictating Documents and Giving Commands 46.4. Inserting Formatting Using Speech Commands 47.1. Password Protecting Your Documents 48.1. Automatic Launching of Word with Your Things To-do Reminder List Displayed 49.1. Using the Word 2003 Research Services Feature to Find Information 49.2. Searching for Thesaurus, Encyclopedia and Language Translation Resources 49.3. Searching for Online resources and downloads on the Microsoft Office Marketplace Site 49.4. Changing Research Options and Enabling Parental Control over what can be accessed and Viewed by Children 50.1. Appendix 1: List of Word Shortcut Keystrokes 51.1. Appendix 2: Other Tutorials Available from this Author ******** Foreword and Restrictions I have written this manual and tutorial for the use of blind and otherwise visually impaired computer users and/or their trainers. It is free of charge and only available from its author's Website and from no other distributer. No individual or organisation is permitted to sell copies of this tutorial either as a stand-alone tutorial or as an integral part of any other literary, software or training package. ******** AVAILABLE MANUAL FORMATS The manual is only available in ASCII text format, as a free download from the author's Website at: http://web.onetel.com/~fromthekeyboard This tutorial and guide has been created with a minimum of formatting, in plain text, so that any word-processor or text editor can read it. In this format it should also be suitable for any one to run it through an embosser but, with some embossing software, you may still wish to make some line spacing and heading format changes to suit yourself and your software. A simple construction such as this should also make reading by arrowing up and down in your word-processor less labour intensive than would be the case with columns, shorter lines, and the like. Colloquialisms, such as don't, haven't, doesn't, etc, have been avoided in this guide in order to make it easier to follow and understand via a speech package. Hopefully, any loss of conversationality and warmth will be compensated for by increased clarity. ******** Target Group This manual has been written with the needs of visually impaired people in mind. It is to be used in conjunction with a screenreader and speech synthesiser or Braille display, rather than with a monitor and mouse, although screen magnification users who also operate using the keyboard should also find it instructional. ******** Conventions In writing this tutorial, the shorter and/or simpler features of Microsoft Word covered will be written in a straightforward paragraph style. In the case of more lengthy or complex features, a numbered step-by-step approach will be taken for extra clarification. In the writing of this Tutorial, terms have the following meanings: ALT F, A Means hold down the left ALT key and whilst still holding it down press the letter f, then release both and press the letter A. CONTROL S Means hold down the CONTROL key and whilst keeping it held down press the letter S and then release both. SHIFT END Means hold down the SHIFT key and whilst keeping it held down press the END key. ALT E, C, and press ENTER Means hold down the left ALT key and whilst keeping it held down press the letter E key, then release both and then press the letter C key followed by the ENTER key. When a key combination such as ALT T (for Tools), O (for Options) is suggested to go into the 'Tools' menu and run the 'Options' menu item, the user may follow this method of operation or may prefer to ARROW up and down a menu and press ENTER. In this latter case, the keystrokes would be: press the ALT key, right ARROW to the 'Tools' menu heading, then ARROW down (or up) until the 'Options' line is spoken, then press ENTER. This menu method may be particularly necessary for Window-Eyes users, as WE has several hot keys which conflict with menu shortcuts, e.g. ALT T, ALT A, etc, which both conflict. All individual and conbinations of keys you actually have to press during a procedure which have been referred to have been put in capital letters so that they stand out to anyone reading this tutorial visually, e.g. to bring up the Open dialogue box press CONTROL O. If, in a menu, your screenreader announces an arrow or says something like submenu, this means that pressing ENTER or right ARROWING on this menu item will take you into a sub-menu to ARROW up and down in and make a choice. If your screenreader announces a row of three dots or says something like dialogue, you will open up a dialogue box to work in if you press ENTER on it. Note that with some screenreaders you may encounter a conflict between the generic Windows shortcuts and the screenreader's own hot keys. If this happens, you may, for example, have to press such as ALT and then release it followed by T (for Tools) to get into the Tools menu instead of pressing ALT and T together. In other instances you may find it necessary to use your screenreader's bypass or skip next keystroke hot key to get your screenreader to ignore your next key combination and therefore allow that key combination to pass through to the program instead of intercepting it as a screenreader hot key, e.g. use the bypass hot key of INSERT B in Window-Eyes, INSERT 3 in JAWS and CONTROL NumPad 7 in HAL. ******** SUGGESTED APPROACHES FOR EFFECTIVE READING OF THIS TUTORIAL It is, of course, entirely up to the individual as to how they glean information and work through this tutorial, but a few suggestions might assist the learner who is relatively new to computers. I would propose that you read through the whole of a section before attempting to practise it to obtain an overview of what is being done. There are a number of approaches which might be taken to make reading the tutorial as a text file and simultaneously carrying out the instructions more fluid and easier to follow. Try one of the below. Ideally, if you have two computers, you can load the tutorial into your text editor or word-processor on one PC and have the software program running on the other. You can then listen to the directions on one computer whilst practising them on the other. Alternatively, as is likely to be the case, if you only have the one computer, you could launch your word-processor and load the tutorial into it for reading in one window. You could then open Outlook in a second window in order to practise the lessons. You would have to keep cycling between each application window by pressing ALT TAB in this case. Yet another approach might be to take a tape recorder or dictaphone and get your screenreader to read the contents of a given section or sub-section onto the tape. You could then play the tape back and follow the instructions through on your PC without having to keep moving from one document window to another. Other options would be for you to print out a copy of the tutorial in large print if you can use this and work from this hard copy, or you could get your local library or resource centre to produce a Braille version for you to work from if you have one in your area and you are a Braillist. ******** IMPORTANT NOTE If you are having problems with Word XP running on either a Windows 98 or ME operating system which results in the word- processor dropping characters, you should have a look at the knowledge base article found at: http://support.microsoft.com/default.aspx?scid=kb;[ln];331325 which advises about the problem and provides a patch to fix it. ******** 1.1. How to Start Word and Make it More Screenreader-Friendly This section covers a general introduction to Microsoft Word and shows several procedures you can adopt to start it running and make it easier to use from the keyboard with a screenreader. 1.2. Introduction First a word about Word. Microsoft Word is a word-processor, which means that it is essentially an electronic replacement for a typewriter. Having said this, word-processors are much more powerful and flexible than mechanical or electric typewriters. For example, if you type a wrong letter in Word, you do not have to resort to a rubber or Typex whitener, you can get rid of it by simply backspacing. Another major difference is that word- processors do not require paper to permit you to create a document or letter. You can type out a letter and either send it to your printer straightaway or you can simply save the letter to your hard disk for later viewing, copying to a floppy disk or, if you wish, later amending and printing on paper. You can even get Word to automatically type out whole lines or sentences for you when you type a few pre-determined characters--This is called "AutoText". You can spell-check your documents to ensure that they are correct and format them to give them a professional look. You can do this as you type them or after they have been typed. You can print a document out for posting or send it to someone by e-mail via the Internet. This edition of the Word tutorial, as well as covering Word 97, 2000 and 2002, now covers Word 2003 and it also covers the word- processor which comes with Microsoft Works 2003 and 2004, because what you get with Works 2003 and 2004 is a full-blown copy of Microsoft Word 2002/Word 10, i.e. the version of Word which will just have been superseded when Word 2003/Word 11 was released. Whilst no specific mention of the Works word-processor is made in the instructional sections of this tutorial, you can read any references to Word 2002/XP/Word 10 as also applying to Works 2003. 1.3. How to Start Word There are several interchangeable words which are used to mean starting a program running such as MS Word. Among these are "start", "run", "Launch" and "load", and these will all be used from time to time in this tutorial, as not everyone uses the same terminology when discussing these procedures. 1.3.1. Start Menu Method Word normally sets up a quick launch option on your Start Menu. Therefore, to launch Word and obtain a new, blank document screen for typing on: With Word 97, 2000 and 2002, press Windows key (found next to your ALT keys) followed by N (for New Office Document". You then press ENTER on "Blank Document" to have the new document opened and you can ARROW up, down, right and left through other possible types of documents to open, such as pre-installed Web page templates and presentations. In Word 97, 2000 and 2002, there is also an "Open Office Document" option on the Start Menu so that you can open an existing word document which you created and saved earlier. 1.3.2. Folders Navigation Method In all versions of Word, you can also start Word by navigating to it by pressing the Windows key followed by pressing P until 'Programs' is spoken, then press M several times until 'Microsoft Word' is highlighted. You then press ENTER to start Word. With Word 2003, if "Microsoft Word" does not appear at the above stage when you press M, you should instead reach "Microsoft Office" and then press ENTER followed by M until "Microsoft Office Word 2003" is found to press ENTER on and launch Word. 1.3.3. Run Dialogue Method One of the Easiest ways to launch Word is by use of the Windows Run feature. Do this by: 1. Press Windows key R (for Run). 2. In the editfield you fall in, type the name of the executable file which Word is loaded from. This is "winword.exe" and press ENTER. 3. Word will launch as usual with a blank document screen ready for you to start typing. Note: When you next press Windows key R to start Word, provided no one else has used the Run dialogue box from which to launch any other program since you last used it, the editfield will still contain the "winword.exe" text, so you need only press ENTER to load Word. 1.3.4. Desktop Shortcut Method See the next sub-section for how to start Word from your Desktop, after first creating an icon on the Desktop to do this from. 1.4. Creating a Shortcut from which to launch Word Alternatively (or additionally), if you prefer this, you may wish to put a shortcut icon on your Desktop to run Word from. You can use this procedure to create shortcuts for any of your other programs as well. To do this: 1. With some versions of Windows 95 and Windows 98 and later: A. place focus on the "Microsoft Word" or "Microsoft Office Word 2003" launch item by navigating to it as in Folders Navigation Method above but do not press ENTER to launch it. B. Now press SHIFT F10 to bring up a Context Menu and ARROW to "Send To" and press ENTER. C. Lastly, ARROW down to "Desktop" and press ENTER. D. If you do not like the default name which has been given to the Word icon on your Desktop, just go to it after pressing Windows key and M and then press F2 to open up an editfield. Type in here the new icon name you would like to hear when you go to it to launch word, e.g. Word XP, and press ENTER to save this new Desktop Word icon title. E. You can now, in the normal way, go to this shortcut on your Desktop by pressing Windows key M or Windows key D followed by w until 'word XP' is spoken and then press ENTER to load it. 2. If the above is not possible with your operating system, because it is an early version of Windows 95, the longer way to achieve this is: A. Press Windows key followed by the letter S, then press T. B. Then press CONTROL TAB to the 'Start Menu Programs Property Sheet'. C. You will and on the 'Add' button, so press ENTER. Then tab to the 'Browse' button and press ENTER. D. You will be asked for the executable filename, so type in 'winword.exe' and then TAB to the list of folders on your c: drive under the 'Look In' line. Press P until 'Program Files' is spoken and then press ENTER. E. Then press M until 'Microsoft Office' is spoken and press ENTER. F. Press O until 'Office' is highlighted and then press ENTER. G. Now press W until 'winword.exe' is spoken. H. Press the TAB key to the 'Open' option and then press ENTER. I. Then TAB to the 'Next' button and press ENTER. You are asked where you want to place the shortcut, so ARROW up to 'Desktop' and then press TAB to 'Next' and press ENTER. J. You are asked to select a name for the shortcut and given 'winword.exe' as an option. If you want to change this, just type over it, e.g. with 'Word XP', and then press TAB to the 'Finish' button and press ENTER. K. Now press TAB to the 'OK' button and press ENTER to complete the procedure. L. You can now, in the normal way, go to this shortcut on your Desktop by pressing Windows key M followed by w until 'word 97' is spoken and then press ENTER to load it. Note: You can also create shortcuts in the above way for any other file, folder or disk drive on your computer and to Web pages. 1.5. Speech-Friendly Word Adjustments 1. Always maximise your parent and document windows, with ALT SPACEBAR X and ALT - (hyphen) x respectively, if they are not already maximised. CONTROL F10 also toggles between maximised and normal window size. 2. Make the following system changes: In Word 97, via Windows Explorer (hold down Windows key and then press the letter E), navigate to \Windows\Start Menu\Programs\Startup\ and delete the Office startup file, which is what loads the Office start up bar. This may interfere with some screenreaders. Note: If you are using the Norton Anti-Virus program with your Windows operating system and you are having focus problems in MS Office programs, you may improve things if you turn off the NAV Office plugin. 1.5.1. Turning the Word 97 Office Assistant Off As the Office Assistant can interfere with your screenreader, on installation of Word 97, you should have used the custom option of installing and thereby not permitted the Office Assistant to be installed. If this has not been done, you can disable it by navigating to it and by either deleting it or renaming it. To do this, via Windows Explorer, go to \Program Files\Microsoft office\Office\Actors and either delete the Actors folder or rename it. This is not necessary/possible in Word 2000, as you can disable the Office Assistant directly from the Help Menu. 1.5.2. Turning the Word 2000, 2002 and 2003 Office Assistant Off In Word 2000, 2002 and 2003, if the Office Assistant is installed and enabled, you can simply disable the Office Assistant by going into the Help Menu by pressing ALT H and then ARROWING down to and pressing ENTER on "Hide the Office Assistant" to hide it. The option will then read "Show the Office Assistant". You then have to disable it completely by pressing F1, Then TAB to "Options" and press ENTER followed by TABBING to "Use the Office Assistant" and press SPACEBAR to check this off and press ENTER. Thereafter pressing F1 or ALT H and ENTER will not get you Word help with the Office Assistant in the normal way. 3. Word Configuration Changes: A. enter the View Menu(press ALT v) and ARROW down to ensure that normal is checked by pressing ENTER on it if it is not already checked. Note that if you open documents formatted by other people, you may have to double-check that "Normal" is still checked on to work with that document optimally. B. If your screenreader does not need the Standard Toolbar and you will not be using a mouse yourself, turn this off as well in the View, Toolbars menu by pressing ENTER on it to obtain more screen space and less clutter. C. Again in the View Menu, go to 'Zoom' and press ENTER. Then ARROW down in the spinbox you will be in to change the on-screen print size from 100 to 75% or to "Page Width" in order to be able to fit more text on the screen and press ENTER. This is if you use a Braille or speech system. Alternatively, if you have some usable sight and so use the monitor, you may wish to take the opposite approach by increasing the zoom percentage to, say, 150%, but this may result in text running off of the edges of the screen so you will have to use the scroll bars to move text around. This does not affect the size of the print on any hard copy paper printout. 4. Go into the Tools, Options, multipage dialogue box by pressing ALT T and then O and make the following changes. Note: This multi-page dialogue box is straightforward to move around in in Word 97 but gets more packed with property sheets and tabs in later versions. You are likely to have to dispense with the straightforward procedure of CONTROL TABBING between property sheets in Word 2000, 2002 and 2003 because this method only takes you from sheet to sheet in a horizontal manner. In later versions of Word there are that many sheets that they cannot all fit on one line, so to be able to move from sheet to sheet you would be best moving to the sheet's tab title, such as "View", "Edit", "Spelling/Grammar", "File Locations", etc, by SHIFT TABBING back to the property sheet name (also known as its tab title) and then moving through the many property sheets horizontally with the right and left ARROW keys and in a vertical manner with the up and down ARROWS. You are likely to find three rows of property sheets in several columns, depending on your version of Word and how things have been set up. A. In the View property sheet (get to this by pressing CONTROL TAB if you are not already on it), turn picture play and animated text off by pressing SPACEBAR on them if they are not already checked off and if they both appear in your version of Word. Also check off "drawings" if that appears in your copy as well. Ensure that the status bar is checked on. The 'All' box should be unchecked. Wrap to window should be checked on. If you have no use for the horizontal and vertical scroll bars (for mouse users), check these off as well. If using Word 2002 or 2003 and your screenreader is not able to "see" and read out for you what is on screen in the typing document pane, try turning the Task Pane off in this View sheet by pressing SPACEBAR on "Start Up Task Pane". This should not be necessary on up-to-date screenreaders which came out after Word XP did but some older screenreaders may have problems with this activated. If your screenreader is having no problems, you may wish to leave things as they are or you may decide to get rid of the Task Pane permanently so as to make the whole editing area available as in earlier versions of Word. B. In the General sheet (right or left ARROW to get there when on the property sheets label or press CONTROL TAB), the "Background Repagination" option should be checked on. C. In the Save Property sheet, ensure that 'Always create backup copy' and save 'AutoRecovery' info are checked on, which saves your current document if the PC crashes. The backup file is saved in c:\windows\temp folder\. D. In the spelling and grammar property sheet 'Check Spelling as you Type' should be unchecked. Always suggest corrections should be checked. Ignore words with numbers should be checked on. Ignore internet file addresses should be checked. Check grammar as you type and check grammar with spelling will be best unchecked for most VI screenreader users. In Word 2002 and 2003 there is an "Check Grammar with Spelling" option which you may wish to check off to make your spell-checking less complicated but, of course, that is up to you and your own likes and dislikes--experiment with both on and off grammar-checking. 5. With Word 2000, 2002 and 2003 only, press ALT T, followed by C to enter the Customise dialogue box. You should be in the "Options" property sheet (CONTROL TAB to it if not) and then in Word 2000 TAB to "Menus Show Recently Used Commands First" and press SPACEBAR to uncheck this, or in Word 2002 and 2003 TAB to "Always Show Full Menus" and ensure that this is checked on. This will give you access to the full range of menu commands, rather than the restricted range which versions of Word after 97 show as their default. 6. With certain combinations of Word, Window-Eyes and the Norton virus-checker, you may find that some words or lines of a document in MS Word, MS Notepad and MS Wordpad fail to speak when you ARROW around the screen even though text is on screen. This may be remedied by making the following alterations to the Norton set-up. Open Norton, go into "Options", select "Virus Protection" and then select "Other". Now TAB to the checkbox for Office plug-ins and press SPACEBAR to uncheck it. Lastly, TAB to and press ENTER on "OK" and close Norton down. If you are still getting this problem after the above, contact your Window-Eyes supplier for more remedies. These initial configuration settings should help when using Word but to be advised of more customisation options, see Section 32 "Modifying Word's Options". 1.6. Screenreader Hot Keys for Word There are not usually as many specialist hot keys for use in screenreaders for straightforward word-processing as there are for such as spreadsheets like Microsoft Excel or for use on the Internet. This is because most screen views you are in and procedures you are likely to follow are less complicated on the screen. Below I list some of the most useful general and special hot keys for HAL, Window-Eyes and JAWS when working in Microsoft Word. Some of these are Word's own shortcuts and others are special screenreader hot keys. You can find a comprehensive list of Word's own shortcuts at appendix 1. 1.6.1. JAWS 4, 4.5, 5 and 6 Hot Keys The following hot keys will prove useful when using JAWS with Word but note that some hot keys change with later versions of JAWS: Press INSERT V: To adjust the JAWS verbosity level. Press INSERT numpad 2: to hear Status Line information. Press INSERT T: To hear the Title Bar with the document's title displayed. Press INSERT down ARROW: to get the document on screen continuously read out to you. Press CONTROL: To stop reading of the document. Press INSERT SHIFT down ARROW: to confirm what you have selected/highlighted in a document. Press CONTROL SHIFT S: To move to the style bar. Press ALT SHIFT right ARROW: to select the next heading style. Press ALT SHIFT left ARROW: to select the prior heading style. Press CONTROL SHIFT P: To open the point size selection dialogue box. Press ALT CONTROL I: to switch between insert and overtype mode. Press INSERT F: To hear the formatting of the character at the cursor. Press INSERT F twice: To hear insertion point formatting. Press INSERT 5: To hear the colour of the font your cursor is on. Press INSERT DELETE: to hear the row and column co-ordinate your cursor is currently on. Press ALT DELETE: to hear where your cursor currently is in relation to the top and left sides of the page. Press ALT SHIFT B: to obtain a description of any boarder in your document. Press ALT CONTROL SHIFT C: to get JAWS to explain to you the characteristics of a shape in the document. Press CONTROL INSERT V: To hear which version of Word you are using. Press ALT CONTROL SHIFT A: to hear which language is being used in the block of text at the cursor point. Press INSERT F7: to read the mis-spelled word and the suggested replacement word in the spell-checking dialogue. press CONTROL INSERT F4: to close the Office Assistant if it is currently open. Press ALT SHIFT ': To announce the contents of a comment in a cell in a table. Press ALT SHIFT E: To announce the references in footnotes or endnotes, which must firstly be highlighted. Press ALT INSERT Q: To get the current scheme name announced. This command only exists in JAWS after Version 5. Press CONTROL SHIFT ': to put any comments by yourself or anyone else in your document into a list. Press INSERT F8: to put any hyperlinks in your document into a list. Press CONTROL SHIFT O: to put any inline objects in your document into a list. Press ALT SHIFT L: to put any spelling errors in your document into a list. Press CONTROL SHIFT V: to put any revisions in your document into a list, if track changes is turned on, in JAWS before Version 5. In later versions this command instead Pastes formatting in. Press INSERT SHIFT R: To list revisions as above in JAWS after Version 5. Press CONTROL SHIFT G: to list grammatical errors in your document, if grammar-checking is turned on. Press CONTROL SHIFT C: to read a column in a table before JAWS Version 5. In later versions this command will instead copy the formatting of the selected text. Press ALLT INSERT C: To read a columnin a table after Version 5. Press ALT SHIFT C: To hear the current column's title with JAWS before Version 5. Press ALT INSERT SHIFT C: To hear the current column's title after JAWS Version 5. Press ALT 1: to hear the contents of the first cell in the current column. Press CONTROL SHIFT R: to read the contents of the current table row with JAWS before Version 5. Press ALT INSERT R: to read the contents of the current table row with JAWS after Version 5. Press ALT SHIFT R: to hear the current row's title with JAWS before Version 5. Press ALT INSERT SHIFT R: to hear the current row's title with JAWS after Version 5. Press ALT 7: To hear the contents of the first cell in the current row. Press INSERT CONTROL T: To list tables in a document and highlight the first cell in a table. Press INSERT F5: to convert a table to textual format and replace the table with this text with JAWS before Version 5. After Version5 this command will select a field in a form. Press CONTROL INSERT HOME: to move to the first field in a form. Press CONTROL INSERT Numpad 5: to read the contents of a field in a form. Press INSERT F5: To select a field after JAWS Version 5. Press CONTROL SHIFT L: to list all of the fields and form fields in a document and permit you to select one and move to it. Press CONTROL INSERT TAB: To create a custom label. Press ALT SHIFT 1 through 7: to show to heading 1 through 7 in an outline view and display only headings up to the level selected. Press ALT SHIFT A: To toggle displaying of all levels and text in outline view. Press ALT SHIFT left ARROW: To Move from the current heading level to the prior heading level. Press ALT SHIFT right ARROW: To Move from the current heading level to the next heading level. Press ALT SHIFT up ARROW: To move the current heading up. Press ALT SHIFT down ARROW: To move the heading down. Note: To view a comprehensive list of Word's own shortcuts see Appendix 1 and also see Section 3 under "The Generic Windows Method Of Highlighting". 1.6.2. HAL 5, 6 and 6.5 Hot Keys The following hot keys will prove useful when using HAL Version 5 or later with Word, provided that you have the most up-to-date map files for MS Word. You use the left CONTROL or left SHIFT keys unless otherwise stated: Press Numpad +: To get the document on screen read out to you and press it again to stop reading. Press Numpad 2: To get the contents of the Status Line read to you. Press Numpad 7: to hear the Title Bar with the document's filename in it. Press Numpad 1: To confirm what you have highlighted/selected. Press Numpad 3: To hear the column and row co-ordinates of a table in your document. Press Numpad 4: Pressing Numpad 4 two, three or four times will supply several levels of feedback on the page or character with focus. Press SHIFT Numpad 7: To hear information on the alignment of your document. Press CONTROL 9: To switch between viewing columns as they appear normally and viewing them as a single column with column 2 being underneath column 1, column 3 under column 2, etc. Press SHIFT Numpad 8: To announce when a bulleted list is present. Press SHIFT Numpad 9: to move the focus to the style box. Press CONTROL SHIFT Numpad 4: To read spell-checker information such as reading the mis-spelled word and then the first suggestion in the replacement list. Press SHIFT CAPSLOCK 1: To obtain a list of objects in the document if it has any. Press SHIFT CAPSLOCK 8: to obtain a list of spelling mistakes. Press SHIFT CAPSLOCK 3: To obtain a list of grammar errors if grammar-checking is turned on. Press SHIFT CAPSLOCK 4: to obtain a list of revisions to the current document if it has any. Press SHIFT CAPSLOCK 5: To obtain a list of comments in the document if it has any. Note 1: the capslock key is also known as the Dolphin key. Note 2: you can download the most recent map files for HAL from: www.dolphinuk.co.uk/updates 1.6.3. Window-Eyes 4.0-4.5, 5.0 and 5.5 Hot Keys and Set-Up The following hot keys will prove useful when using Window-Eyes with Word. From Window-Eyes 4.0: Press CONTROL SHIFT T: To hear the Title Bar and document title. Press CONTROL INSERT S: To hear the contents of the Status Line. Press CONTROL SHIFT R: to get the text on screen continuously read out from the current cursor point. Press CONTROL: to stop reading of the document. Press CONTROL SHIFT M: to get what you have highlighted/selected confirmed. From Window-Eyes 5.0 you have more new hot keys: Press CONTROL Numpad +: To hear where the cursor is in the document at present. Press CONTROL SHIFT D: To read the current document area which is displayed on screen. Press INSERT E: To bring up the element properties dialogue box to be able to ARROW up and down and view document elements. Press INSERT TAB: To bring up the page navigation dialogue, in which you can TAB and ARROW through page elements and press ENTER on one of them to be taken to it or you can simply get page elements listed to quickly find out what is on a document page besides text, e.g. get hyperlinks found and listed, get inserted comments found and listed, etc. Press WINDOWS key A: To toggle the attribute changes option on and off so that you can hear any change in font colour, size, style and type as you move through a document. Press alt CONTROL SHIFT F: To toggle the format alert option on and off. From Window-Eyes 5.5 you get another very useful hot key for use in Word: Press INSERT E: To open up the Elements property dialogue so you can retrieve information such as font sizes, text colours, text attributes like italic and underlined, font names like verdona and arial, styles, line spacing, justification, type of borders if any, shading if any and text properties like orientation and indent details. 1.6.4. Configuring Window-Eyes to Work with Word If Window-Eyes does not work properly with your version of Word straight from the box, you may have to do a little customising, as follows: Launch Word and then press CONTROL BACKSLASH to enter the Window- Eyes Control Panel, then press ALT F and then F again. In the list of set files you will come into press the letter O once or more times to jump to "Office 2000, Word, Excel, Outlook" (or whichever version of Office you are running) and then TAB twice to "Install" and press ENTER. ******** 2.1. Typing and Moving Around on the Word Document Screen For word-processing beginners with typing skills and those unfamiliar with Microsoft Word itself, the below several sub- sections should help. They assume that you have some basic keyboarding/typing skills but if you do not have these, you will have to obtain some form of first-time keyboard user's tutorial or an interactive program to load onto your computer which teaches keyboard skills for those who have never used a keyboard before. You can obtain these from places like the RNIB in the UK and Lighthouse in the US. Another source for a freely downloadable UK-orientated typing tutor whichis self-voicing is: www.education.bham.ac.uk/research/victar/resources/tech/centre .htm but this does not work well on Windows XP. You can also download a typing tutor for students and teachers called Tenthumbs which can be set up for UK or US keyboard layouts from: www.tenthumbstypingtutor.com but you will also need at least version 4 of the Quicktime program if you want to receive audio feedback from the Tenthumbs typing tutor. Another very basic talking keyboard tutor is supplied as part of a program called "twitter". You can find out more about this at: www.twitter.co.uk but you will have to ask for a copy posting to you on CD. If you live in the US, you can obtain similar typing tutors and/or keyboard guides from: www.aph.org/products/ttyper.html and www.aph.org/products/learnkey.html but be aware that the positions and availability of some keys on UK and US keyboards are not all the same, although the standard alphabet and numeric keys are in the same places. 2.2. Pen-Picture of the Basic Word Screen When Word loads (by pressing Windows key then N or from your Desktop shortcut, etc, as shown in Section 1 B) you will be on a blank document screen ready to start typing and this document will be given the filename 'Document 1' automatically by Word. This is just a temporary filename until you type something in to the document screen and then save it with a filename of your own choice. In Word 97 and 2000, the screen at this stage, if you have made the changes to make Word more speech-friendly suggested in the last section, will have four main areas. Firstly, there is the Title Bar at the top with the words 'Microsoft Word Document 1' (or any other filename you may have already given the document on screen). Secondly, underneath the Title Bar, comes the Menu Bar with menus such as File, Edit, View, etc (you can get to these individual menus by pressing the ALT key and ARROWING right and left). Thirdly, if you have turned the toolbar off, there is the majority of the rest of the screen down to the bottom, which is the typing area to hold the document you will soon be typing. Lastly comes the very bottom line and this is the 'Status Line', which shows abbreviated information such as which page number you are on, what line and column of a document you are currently at, and the like. If you have not turned it off, there is also a Toolbar between the Menu Bar and the main document editing screen, which holds buttons for mouse users to click on to quickly carry out commands but this method is usually slower than using shortcuts for visually impaired people. there may also be other rows of toolbars just under the main toolbar if you have turned any of them on, e.g. the drawing toolbar, the Forms toolbar, etc. In Word 2002 and 2003, a new element has been added to the default view of the Word screen, although this can be turned off to leave the standard Word 97/2000 look if you like. You still have the Title Bar, Menu Bar and Status Line. However, the main screen has now been split into two panes. The first is the main "Editing Pane", which is on the left and is the typing area holding the document you are creating and occupies about 75 per cent of the screen. The second pane, known as the "Task Pane" runs down the right from top to bottom and is smaller (about 25 per cent of the main screen's width) and shows a list of commonly used what do you want to do options and commands you can effect whilst carrying out specific actions, such as opening a new document blank page and using the Office Clipboard. The view of the Task Pane can be turned off for the current session only if you like by pressing ENTER on "Task Pane" in the View menu or permanently by checking off (pressing SPACEBAR on) "Start Up Task Pane" in the Tools, Options, View property sheet. With Word 2003, in addition to just having the above-mentioned standard Task Pane open, you can occupy this same area of the screen by opening a Research Pane" via Tools, Research. In fact, whether you open these panes via the View or Tools menu does not matter, as they both become available together. When you first invoke the Research Pane, you immediately get access to its research resources buttons to TAB through but thereafter to get to its options you can use the usual F6 key or you can press ALT, CONTROL TAB and then left and right ARROW keys. However, unless your screenreader is right up to date, it may not be able to read all of the options in these two new panes. How this new Research Pane works is explained in Section 49. Screenreaders have hot keys to read most of the above Title Bar, Status Line, etc, information to you, e.g. to hear the title of your document on screen press CONTROL SHIFT T in Window-Eyes, numPad 7 in HAL 5 or INSERT T in JAWS; to hear the contents of the Status line press CONTROL INSERT S or ALT S in Window-Eyes, INSERT NumPad 3 in JAWS or NumPad 2 in HAL 5. You can also review the whole screen in mouse mode with the mouse pointer by using your screenreader's JAWS cursor, Window-Eyes cursor or HAL's navigation/virtual cursor modes. If you are using HAL and HAL's hot keys are regularly conflicting with your application's shortcut keys, you can temporarily turn HAL's hot keys off by pressing CONTROL 8 (on the full keyboard). A second press of CONTROL 8 turns HAL's hot keys back on. Tip: In Word it can sometimes occur, without any apparent reason, that your main Menu Bar disappears from screen, so that you cannot get into your File, Edit, View, etc, menus. If this happens to you, you should be able to re-invoke your Menu Bar by taking the following action: 1. Press Windows key R to open the Run dialogue. 2. In the editfield you are now in, type: winword.exe /a and press ENTER. 2.3. Keyboarding and Editing In contrast to typewriter keyboards, which tend to be very much the same whichever typewriter you use, computer keyboards can vary somewhat. They grow more keys every year or so but most of these extra keys tend to be simply to provide a quick way to do something instead of using other methods. Thankfully, however, the main QWERTY keys remain in the same place on each keyboard and are very similarly placed as to on a typewriter but not absolutely identical. You type on the Word screen in a similar way as to how you would on a typewriter but you do not have to press ENTER to get onto a new line when you have completed your current line. Word does this automatically for you. This is called 'word wrapping'. You can also keep on typing forever without thinking about putting new sheets of paper in to the printer as word will work out where pages should start and end for you. If you make a mistake whilst typing, you can either press the backspace key to erase the mistyped letter or, if you place the cursor over the offending letter, you can achieve the same result by pressing the delETE key. To delete whole words at a time, place the cursor on the first letter of the word and hold down the CONTROL key and press the DELETE key. Continuing to press the DELETE key whilst holding the CONTROL key down will delete successive words to the right of the first word you deleted together with the space which follows each deleted word. To delete words to the left, you place the cursor on the space immediately after the first word you want to delete and then press CONTROL BACKSPACE as many times as the number of words you wish to delete. To take a new line of your own initiative (without waiting for the automatic line end word wrap to occur), you hold down the SHIFT key and then press the ENTER key, e.g. press SHIFT ENTER followed by ENTER again to create a new paragraph with a blank line and just get one paragraph code inserted at this point or press SHIFT ENTER once to start the next line of an address with no paragraph marker being inserted. You could achieve the same new paragraph results by pressing the SHIFT ENTER combination twice instead of doing it with just the ENTER key but this would not leave a paragraph code in the file between the two paragraphs(something which happens in the background coding and which you cannot normally see and will not be printed out). Failing to use the SHIFT key with the ENTRE key when you only want a new line and not a new paragraph means that, if you are using the CONTROL or CONTROL SHIFT up or down ARROWS to jump from paragraph to paragraph in a document or to highlight one or more paragraphs quickly, it will not work properly due to there being too many paragraph markers at the ends and beginnings of lines (see Appendix 1 for movement and highlighting key combinations). So, to clarify, press only the ENTER key if you want a paragraph marker/code inserting every time you press it, press SHIFT ENTER if you want a new line with no paragraph marker inserted or press SHIFT ENTER followed by ENTER if you want to start a new paragraph by leaving a blank line between paragraph blocks and you will get just one paragraph marker at the beginning of your new paragraph. If you want to insert an extra word within your current document, you can do this by placing the cursor on top of the first letter of the word to appear after the inserted word and simply type in the extra word followed by a space. You will not be typing over the word you placed the cursor on; what happens is that the words to the right of the word you are inserting move further to the right to make room for the new word. Tip 1: The spacing you use after punctuation marks is different when using a word-processor from when using a typewriter. With a typewriter you would leave a single space after typing a comma but a double space after most other punctuation marks, e.g. after a full stop, a question mark, an exclamation mark, a colon, a semi-colon, etc. However, when word-processing, you only leave a single space after all of these punctuation marks. This is probably because the justified margins which most people use when word-processing tends to stretch out the words and spaces on some lines to ensure that all lines end up level at the right-hand margin. A word-processed dash is also different from a typed dash, in that instead of creating a dash by leaving a space, typing a single hyphen and then leaving another space, the word- processed dash consists of two hyphens in succession with no spaces either side of them, e.g. In my experience--and it is only my experience--this is not likely to happen. Tip 2: You can get one block of highlighted/selected text replaced by another block of text if you paste that second block into where the first block is, when the first block of text will be deleted, e.g. select a whole sentence in one part of a document, copy or cut it to the Clipboard with CONTROL C or X, then go to where you want a sentence replacing with your copied or cut sentence, select the sentence to be replaced and then press CONTROL V. The unwanted sentence will disappear and the new sentence will appear in its place. You will find more about highlighting/selecting in Section 3 below. Note: If you are using the Window-Eyes screenreader and moving around the screen with the ARROW keys does not seem to be reading the screen text correctly, you may have to use the Window-Eyes redraw screen to be able to hear the screen contents correctly. This WE redraw screen hot key is INSERT BACKSLASH. 2.4. Generating Diaeretics and Accents in a Document If you have to type some form of symbol which is not provided for on your keyboard, there are several ways you can generate such a symbol. For example, If you are a JAWS user and can see enough to visually identify symbols like accents, circumflexes, euro signs and umlauts, you can use the JAWS feature of INSERT 4 (on the large keyboard) to be able to ARROW down a list of symbols and press ENTER on one of these to insert it into your document at the cursor point. Alternatively, you can press ALT I (for Insert) and then S (for Symbol) to enter a list of many symbols to get inserted into your text, if you can see to choose the one you want or if your screenreader can speak them to you. In other instances there are shortcut keys to generate single symbols, for example: To insert a euro sign: Hold the ALT-CONTROL key down and press the number 4 on the large keyboard. To insert an acute: Hold down CONTROL and press the apostrophe and release both, then type the letter which requires the accent mark, e.g. on both of the E's of resume, so that they gain small acute marks over them. Alternatively, you can achieve this same result by pressing ALT CONTROL E at the point where you want the accented E to appear. To insert a circumflex: Hold down CONTROL and SHIFT and press the number 6 key, then release them and type the required letter, e.g. on the first a of chateaux, which creates a small inverted V shape over the A. Holding down ALT CONTROL and pressing the A key also works in this instance. To insert a grave: Hold down CONTROL and then press the GRAVE key and release both, then type the letter requiring the grave on it. To insert an umlaut: Hold down CONTROL and SHIFT keys and press the colon and release them, then type the letter which requires the accent, which will place two small dots above the letter. To insert an upside down question mark: Hold down ALT, CONTROL and SHIFT and press the question mark key, e.g. as used in Spanish sentences. To insert an upside down exclamation mark: Hold down ALT, CONTROL, SHIFT and press the exclamation mark key, e.g. as used in Spanish sentences. To create an AO diphthong: Hold down CONTROL and SHIFT and press the number 7 key and release them, then press SHIFT and A. To create a OE diphthong: Hold down CONTROL and SHIFT and press the number 7 key and release them, then press O, e.g. as with the OE in the word onomatopoeia. Note: You can also generate all of the accents and accented letters via their ASCII codes. Do this by turning your Numpad key on and then hold down the ALT key and type on the Numpad any number in excess of 128 to see what can be generated, e.g. hold down ALT and punch into the Numpad the figures 128 and press SPACEBAR or ENTER and you will generate a C cedilla, punch the figure 129 in and you will produce the letter U with the umlaut sign, type 130 to get an E acute and simply try the other three digit combinations to find out what else is available. Whether this ASCII method of generating accented symbols works for you or not will depend on the version of Word you have and the version of Microsoft Windows you are running. 2.5. Moving around a Document on the Word Screen To hear what you have typed line by line and view any blank lines, etc, press your up and down ARROW keys. If the document is several pages long, press the PAGE UP or PAGE DOWN keys to jump a page at a time and then read a line at a time with the ARROW keys or your screenreader's read document or say all command, e.g. NumPad + with HAL, INSERT down ARROW with JAWS or CONTROL SHIFT R with Window-Eyes. Window-Eyes 5 also has a read document area displayed on screen hot key which is CONTROL SHIFT D. To move a letter at a time, press the right or left ARROW keys (the keys just to the right of the right CONTROL key, shaped like an upside down print letter T). You can move a word at a time by holding down the CONTROL key and pressing your left or right ARROW key. To move a paragraph at a time hold down the CONTROL key and press the up or down ARROW key. If you want to go to the beginning of a document, you should press CONTROL HOME key and pressing CONTROL END key takes you to the end of a document (the HOME and END keys can be found on the block of keys just above the ARROW keys and on the Number pad). A press of the HOME key by itself takes you to the beginning of the current line and pressing END takes you to the end of the line. Remember, your screenreader may have a hot key to give you an idea as to just where you are in a document in terms of the row and column the cursor is currently in or in inches and tenths of inches, e.g. press INSERT DELETE in JAWS, the NumPad DELETE key in HAL 5 or CONTROL numpad + in Window-Eyes 5. 2.6. Cursor Insertion Point and Mouse Pointer In typing and reading through a document, so far you have been moving around the Word document screen with the "Cursor" pointer but most Windows programs also have a second pointer, known as the "mouse" pointer. The cursor tracks what you are typing and where you are moving on the document screen and may change its shape and general appearance, depending on the situation, e.g. it may represent a flashing bar (so that you can tell easily where it is), an insertion point (an I-beam waiting for you to type something in) or an hour glass (signifying that you need to wait until the program completes an action). Most of your work in Word will be done with the cursor pointer following on as you type or review documents, keeping track of where you are and advising you what you are ARROWING past, about to delete or highlight, etc. It is restricted to the Word document editing screen. In contrast, the mouse pointer moves independently of the cursor pointer and it is shaped like an arrowhead. The mouse pointer can go anywhere on the screen, not only in the Word document typing area. If you left click with the mouse pointer in a given place, the cursor will normally be taken to that same position. Your screenreader will have a means of navigation (usually via the NumPad) to permit you to move the mouse pointer around the whole area of the monitor screen and allow you to simulate left and right mouse clicks. For instance, JAWS has its JAWS cursor mode for manipulating the mouse cursor, whereas Window-Eyes has its mouse pointer mode and HAL employs its navigation or virtual cursor mode for this purpose. You invoke the JAWS cursor by pressing the NumPad minus key and return to normal live mode with a press of NumPad plus. You get into HAL's Navigation mode by pressing NumPad minus and NumPad plus returns to normal live mode. You activate and deactivate the Window-Eyes mouse and WE cursor modes by pressing NumPad minus. Experiment to see how far you can travel with the cursor pointer in a small document on screen and then change to your screenreader's mouse mode to view the extended area of the screen you can now get access to but which a sighted person can see all of the time. 2.7. Spell-checking your work and Using the Custom Dictionary How much information you obtain whilst spell-checking will depend on which screenreader you possess. If your screenreader does not automatically tell you which word is wrongly spelled and read out the suggested replacements, you should configure it to read out any colour change which occurs in editfields, as Word highlights what it believes to be the misspelled word in a different colour from the rest of the text on screen (usually red). You will thereby be able to identify the offending word. 2.7.1. Spell-Checking To spell-check a document: 1. With your letter, report, memo, etc,on screen, press F7 to invoke the spell-checker. The spell-checker will stop on the first word it finds and believes to be wrongly spelled. This should be spoken automatically by your screenreader but if it is not, use any hot key your screenreader may possess to achieve this, e.g. INSERT W with Window-Eyes 4.5 and later. 2. You should press the TAB key once to move to the list of suggested word replacements that you are offered. If there is more than one suggested replacement, you can ARROW down them and leave the focus on the replacement you want. 3. You can now TAB to 'Change' and press ENTER or press the shortcut accelerator key to achieve this, which is ALT C. Simply pressing ENTER at the above stage also does the same thing. The spell-checker then moves onto the next word it thinks is wrongly spelled. 4. If Word does not have any suggested replacement words for a wrongly spelled word, when you press TAB to the replacement list, you can backspace the word out and type it back in correctly or edit it to produce a correct spelling. You then press ALT C to change the word to the newly spelled one. Within the spell-checker dialogue box you can use several accelerator key shortcuts, as follows: If a double word is encountered, press ALT D to delete one of the instances of the word. press ALT C to change a word to the first suggestion in the replacement list. Use ALT L to change all instances of the word in the current document to the first suggestion in the replacement list. Press ALT I to ignore the first instance of the spell-checker's suggestion that a word may be spelled wrongly. Use ALT G to ignore all instances of a word possibly being spelled wrongly if you know it is spelled correctly--the spell- checker does not know every word in the English language and will stop on many nouns such as place and people's names. Press ALT A to add the word to the custom dictionary if you know it is spelled correctly, so that Word will not stop on it in future (see the next sub-section for how to amend or remove such a custom dictionary word). In Word 2002 and 2003, use ALT U to undo (return to how it was) any change you have just made and now realise you did not want to make. In Word 2002 and 2003, press ALT R to add the spelling mistake and its correction to the AutoCorrect list of corrections in order that Word will,in future, automatically correct such words it finds wrongly spelled for you if you are given to frequently making certain spelling mistakes. Remember, your screenreader may have a read mis-spelled word and replacement suggestions in document hot key, e.g. INSERT F8 in JAWS and CONTROL SHIFT Numpad 4 in HAL 6. It may also feature a list mis-spelled words in document hot key, e.g. SHIFT CAPSLoCK 8 in HAL 6. Note: In Word 2002 and 2003 the spell-checking dialogue box has a "Check Grammar" checkbox to turn this feature off if you do not want this added complication. It also has an "Options" button which will permit you to quickly enter the "Spelling/Grammar" Tools, Options Property sheet to effect other changes if you like. If you elect to leave the grammar-checking feature on, you will be taken into a second dialogue box after the main spell-checking has been carried out where you will be offered opportunities to have words which Word thinks you forgot to capitalised given a capital letter, sentences it thinks should have been given a different punctuation mark at their end changed, e.g. change a full stop to a question mark and other grammatical corrections done. You would be advised to use the ALT C method of correcting these mistakes in this dialogue rather than just pressing ENTER on the first change option in the list of corrections box, as just pressing ENTER often does not work in this environment. Remember, your screenreader may possess a hot key to allow you to correct spelling or grammar mistakes on the fly as such mistakes are found, e.g. with Window-Eyes 5.0 or later, press SHIFT F10 to bring up a Context Menu with a selection of options for the current mistake, including an ability to count the number of spelling or grammar errors you have made. Note 1: JAWS has a hot key to list words marked as mis-spelled, which is ALT SHIFT L. Note 2: If you only need to spell-check part of a document, such as an additional paragraph you have inserted after creating and spell-checking the original document, you need only highlight that part of the document before pressing F7 to commence the part document checking (how to highlight is covered in a later section). Note 3: If you are using HAL 6.0 and HAL reads the whole line where the wrongly spelled word is and fails to read the specific wrongly spelled word, you can download an updated map file which corrects this from the Dolphin Website at: www.dolphinuk.co.uk or you can phone them for a copy. 2.7.2. Amending or Removing Words from the Custom Dictionary If, during spell-checking, you add a word to the spell-checker's dictionary by pressing ALT A which you then realise that you did not want to add or which you now realise that you want to amend, you can do this via the Tools, Options, Spelling and Grammar property sheet. However, an easier and faster way to open this text file custom dictionary to make changes to it is: 1. With or without Word running (it does not matter which), press Windows key F to open the Find Feature of Windows. 2. In the editfield you will now be in, type in the name of the custom dictionary, which is "custom.dic" and then press ENTER to get this file found. 3. As you will now be on the custom.dic filename, just press ENTER to open it up in Notepad. 4. You will now be in Notepad with the text file of extra words you have yourself added to Word's dictionaries on screen. This plain text file will have each added word on a separate line, so simply ARROW to (or get there via the Notepad search feature) the word you wish to amend or erase and use your BACKSPACE or DELETE keys to make any changes you desire. 5. Lastly, press ALT F (for File) and then S (for Save) to save the corrected text file back to its default custom.dic name and then press ALT F4 to close Notepad followed by ESCAPE to close the Find dialogue. 2.8. Saving and Reopening a Document When you have written a letter, memo, etc, you will want to save it to disk. 2.8.1. Saving a Document to the Hard Disk You can save a document onto your C: hard disk by: 1. Press ALT F, A, (or CONTROL S) and overwrite the filename which Word automatically gives documents with a name of your own choice, e.g. memo1. 2. Press ENTER and the file will, by default (normally), be saved in a folder called 'My documents' and will automatically be given a file extension of .doc. It actually saves on your hard disk at: C:\My Documents\memo1.doc You can use dozens of letters/figures in a filename and put spaces between them if you wish but avoid using signs such as %, ~, #, $, Å“, /, \, and the like. 3. If you wanted to save the file in another format, such as a plain text file or WordPerfect 5.1 file, you could have pressed TAB once to the 'Save as Type' box after typing your filename in above and then pressed the first letter of the format you are wanting to save in, e.g. press t to move to the 'Text only TXT' option. Note that, if you save to a format other than the native .doc format, you may then be asked to confirm certain saving attributes such as whether or not you want carriage returns and line feeds to be disregarded or inserted into your document (CRLF), etc. 4. If you are creating a lengthy document, it is a good idea to regularly save it as you are typing it. You can do this by pressing CONTROL S from time to time, when it will over-write and save to the same filename you originally gave it above. 2.8.2. Opening a Document from the Hard Disk To open the above file from your hard disk: 1. Press CONTROL O and type the filename in the editfield which opens up, e.g. memo1, and press ENTER. 2. The file will be found and opened and displayed on the screen for reading, editing or resaving under the same or another filename. Note that when you are opening a file from the normal saving place/folder of My documents, you do not have to type the full path to that folder into the editfield, as Word knows where to find it and you do not need to type the .doc extension either. 2.8.3. Saving a Document to a Floppy Disk To save to a floppy disk on the A: drive: 1. Having inserted a formatted floppy disk into your A: drive, press ALT F, A, and type your filename in preceded by the letter A (for A: drive), e.g. a:\memo1, and press ENTER. 2. If you want a different format to Word's .doc format, select that before you press ENTER above. 2.8.4. Opening a Document from a Floppy Disk To open the above file from the floppy disk: 1. Press CONTROL O and type the path and filename in the editfield which opens up, e.g. a:\memo1, and press ENTER. 2. The file will be opened and displayed on the screen for reading, editing or resaving under the same or another filename. Note that because the A: drive is not the normal saving place for Word documents, you do have to type the drive letter and path to the file into the editfield. If the filename has a different extension from the standard .doc extension, you will have to provide this as well, e.g. A:\memo1.txt. Note 1: When you have either the Save AS or Open dialogue box open, there are several shortcuts you can make use of to quickly achieve given actions if these do not conflict with your screenreader's own hot keys, e.g. Press ALT 1 (not F1) and you will be taken forward one level in your computer's folder structure each time you press this shortcut, pressing ALT 2 will take you backwards a folder level at a time, pressing ALT 3 will launch your Web browser and take you onto the Net, pressing ALT 5 will let you type in the name of a new folder to create a sub- folder from your current folder and most of the other numeric keys on the keyboard in conjunction with the ALT key will also affect other shortcuts for you, depending on the version of Word you are running. Note 2: To get Word to automatically save your work periodically, see Section 32 "Customising Word" below). 2.9. Viewing, Deleting, Renaming, Moving and Forwarding a File on A Floppy or Hard Disk For example: 1. To do this from your floppy disk drive, with your floppy disk in the A: drive, press CONTROL O and type 'a:' in the editfield which opens up and then press ENTER. 2. Then hold down the SHIFT key and press the TAB key. You will access a list of the files on the floppy and be able to ARROW down them. You can achieve the same thing on your hard disk by going to your C: drive. 3. If there are many files on the floppy disk, remember that they will be in alphabetical order and that you can also jump to one of them by pressing the first letter of the filename. 4. If you want to open one of these files, just press ENTER when the one you want has focus. To delete it, press the DELETE key followed by Y to confirm. To rename one of the files, with focus on the file, press F2 and type a new filename into the editfield which opens up and press ENTER. To see a list of these and other commands which can be performed on these files, press SHIFT F10 or your Windows APPLICATION key (on the left of the right CONTROL key) and ARROW up and down the context menu which appears, e.g. to be able to cut or copy the file(s) to the Clipboard, to be able to use the "Send To" command to send a copy of the file to your A: floppy disk drive, to your Website, to a friend by e-mail, etc. 5. In Word 2000 and 2002, there is an "History" button in the Open dialogue box which permits you to quickly and easily get access to your most recently opened files to re-open them. In Word 2003, this button is called "My Recent documents". Note: if, in step 2 above, there appears to be no files on a disk which you know should contain files, it could be because the 'Files of Type' box is set to a file format which the files on the floppy disk were not saved in. This means that Word will not be able to 'see' them even though they are there. To remedy this, go to the Files of Type box and press A for 'All Files' and then SHIFT tab back to the file list and all files, irrespective of their file extensions, will be displayed. 2.10. Shutting Word Down When you have finished using Word and want to shut it down, you would press ALT F, X, or press ALT F4 or press CONTROL SPACEBAR followed by C. If you have an unsaved document on screen, Word will ask you if you want to save it. If you do not, just press N for no followed by ENTER. If you want to save it, press Y for yes, type in a filename and then press ENTER to save and exit the program. 2.11. Multiple Open Documents You can have as many open documents in Word as you like in order to look at several documents at once. When you first load Word it opens with document 1 on screen (a blank document at this stage). To open another blank document you press CONTROL N, when the title Bar will display 'Document 2'. Obviously, after saving something in document 1 and document 2 their names will change to the filename(s) you give them. To open a third document ('Document 3') press CONTROL N again. To cycle through these three open documents you would press CONTROL F6, when your screenreader should announce the title (filename) of the document you have just move to. To close one of the open documents, press CONTROL F4. If you close all of the documents on screen, you cannot just start typing on the blank screen. You have to open a new document first by pressing CONTROL N. 2.12. Non-Breaking Hyphens and Spaces When you want two or more words to remain together on the same line instead of risking them being separated one on the end of one line and the other at the beginning of the next line, you should "glue" them together. For example, instead of typing John wilson as normal, you should type John and then hold CONTROL SHIFT DOWN, press the SPACEBAR and then type the word Wilson. Similarly, press CONTROL SHIFT and the hyphen to obtain a non- breaking hyphen in such as the word non-conformist so that each part of the hyphenated word does not risk getting separated onto two lines. 2.13. Revealing and Viewing the Background codes of a Document in Word 2002 and 2003 If you wish to reveal and view the codes which Word inserts into a document to determine its layout, style, etc, you can do this with a new feature in Word 2002/XP and 2003, as follows: 1. Press ALT O (for Format) and then V (for Reveal formatting). 2. Highlight the text or whole document you wish to view the formatting of and then press F6 to move to the Task Pane if you are not already in it. 3. With your JAWS cursor or HAL's navigation/virtual mode or Window-Eyes mouse mode, review the screen, which should show at the top your text and underneath it several lines of information about the background codes in the highlighted document, such as if it is emboldened, indented, the language it is in, the font type and size, etc. 4. In Word 2002, there are two Options buttons you can press your left mouse simulation key on to check on near the bottom of this reveal codes/formatting task pane called "Distinguish Style Source" and "Show all Formatting". If you check these on by left clicking on them, when you return to your Editing Pane, you may find your screenreader now speaks several formatting attributes as well as the words on screen, such as spaces, paragraph marks, styles used, etc, but not all screenreaders will announce these formatting marks, e.g. JAWS will do this. This is likely to be unwanted information in everyday word-processing, so remember to click these off if you did turn them on in experimenting. In Word 2003, these two options buttons plus a couple more are now available by pressing TAB to go through several options and turn them on with the SPACEBAR instead of having to go to them in mouse mode and left click on them. 5. Do not forget to press ALT O, V, to turn reveal formatting off when you have finished, otherwise your screenreader may report other types of unwanted information when you go back to the Editing Pane. You may find that you have also to exit and then re-launch Word to get rid of the Reveal formatting pane. Note: In addition to the above method of viewing background codes, text attributes, etc, most screenreaders have special hot keys to give you most of the important formatting information of a given open document or text character, e.g. INSERT F in JAWS, CONTROL NumPad DELETE in Window-Eyes and left SHIFT and/or CONTROL NumPad 4 in HAL 4.X. HAL 5's speak attribute hot key is triggered by simply pressing NumPad 4 twice, three times or four times for different levels of attribute feedback. Window-eyes 5 also features an element properties dialogue you can ARROW up and down in by pressing INSERT E. Additionally, Window-Eyes 5 has a page navigation dialogue invoked by pressing INSERT TAB in which you can TAB and ARROW through page elements and press ENTER on one of them to be taken to it or you can simply get page elements listed to quickly find out what is on a document page besides text, e.g. get hyperlinks listed, inserted comments listed, etc. You can also press WINDOWS key A in Window-Eyes 5 to toggle on and off the attribute changes option, after which you will hear any changes in font type, size and colour as you move through a document. Pressing ALT CONTROL SHIFT F in Window-Eyes 5 toggles the format alert option on and off. 2.14. Locating Where to Sign a Letter or Similar Document If you cannot see sufficiently to find the space between such as your complimentary close and typed name in order to sign a letter or other document, you can circumvent this problem in the following manner: 1. In Word, type your letter in the usual way. 2. After your last paragraph press ENTER twice and type your complimentary close at the left-hand margin, e.g. "Yours sincerely" or "Best regards", etc. 3. Now leave an appropriate amount of space between the complimentary close and where you will type your name. I would suggest that an inch would normally be enough, so press ENTER seven times to leave a full inch space. 4. Now type your name at the left-hand margin, such as "J. Wilson", but do not press ENTER. It is at this point that you should determine exactly where your typed name has fallen down the page. You can find this out by viewing the Word Status Line, which will give you details such as: Page 1, Sec 1, 1/1, @ 4.5" 5. It is this last element of the Status Line you are concerned with, i.e. the @ 4.5". This means that your typed name is at a point 4.5 inches down from the very top of the page. You can now get yore letter printed out and with this knowledge you can now use a standard Braille rule or tape measure and measure down the page to, say, 4.0 inches from the top and so know that this is exactly in the middle of the empty space between your complimentary close and typed name to handwrite your signature with a pen. ******** 3.1. Highlighting/Selecting Text and Objects There are two distinct methods you can use to highlight or select text in Word. These are both explained below. it is important to understand the reason for highlighting and to learn the various techniques and keystrokes to master this skill. You have to highlight (also known as selecting) existing text before carrying out certain actions on it, such as deleting it, moving or copying it elsewhere, emboldening it,having it indented or the font on it changed, etc. 3.1.1. Word's Unique Way of Highlighting Text 1. You can use standard Windows selecting procedures with the SHIFT key (explained in the next sub-section) to highlight text and other objects, but Word also has some of its own highlighting features by pressing F8. This is known as extended selection mode. In this case, you will be able to ARROW around and select words, lines, paragraphs, etc, but without simultaneously having to hold down the SHIFT key. For example: Press F8, release it and then press CONTROL right ARROW key to select the next word to the right. Pressing F8, then CONTROL down ARROW highlights the line. Pressing F8, then the END key selects from the cursor to the end of the current line. Pressing F8, then CONTROL End highlights from the cursor location to the end of the document. Pressing F8, then CONTROL PAGE down highlights one whole page of a document. Repeated presses of PAGE down select successive whole pages. This list is not exhaustive, as all other standard cursor movement shortcuts in Windows will also work in this way and highlight after pressing F8. To turn off extended selection mode and remove this type of highlighting you have to press ESCAPE followed by the left or right ARROW key, which will return you to the first letter or last letter which was highlighted respectively. Remember, your screenreader may feature a hot key for advising you of the text you have highlighted for confirmation, e.g. INSERT SHIFT down ARROW in JAWS, NumPad 1 in HAL 5 and CONTROL SHIFT M in Window-Eyes. Note that HAL 4X has no hot key to review what has been highlighted. 2. Another use of the F8 selection method is to highlight from one particular point on a multipage document to another several pages further on. If you wanted to select text from the start of page 2 to the word 'budget' halfway down page 73, you would locate the word 'budget' on page 73, put a unique marker just to the left of the word budget (say two > signs), go back to the top of page 2, press F8, press the >> sign and everything will be selected to that point.In other words, pressing F8 lets you then press any alphanumeric key to find the first instance of that letter or symbol (>> in this example) and it will be found and everything between is highlighted ready for whatever action you wish to perform on it. 3. Successive presses of F8 also generate highlighting, for instance, press F8 twice to select the next word to the right from the cursor position, pressing it three times highlights the whole sentence you are currently in from the previous full stop to the next one, pressing F8 four times selects the current paragraph, and 5 F8 presses will highlight the whole document. As soon as you have the word, line or block of text highlighted in any of the aforementioned ways you can, for example: A. Press the DELETE key to delete it. B. Press CONTROL X to cut it (move it from its current position) to the Clipboard for pasting elsewhere with CONTROL V. C. Press CONTROL C to copy it to the Clipboard. D. Press CONTROL B to embolden it (make it thicker and darker). E. Press CONTROL U to underline it all or CONTROL SHIFT W to underline words only, not the spaces between them. F. Press CONTROL I to make it italic (lean to the right). G. Press ALT O then F and select any font type you want and then press ENTER on "OK" to have it applied to the highlighted words. Alternatively, press CONTROL SHIFT F to enter the font type list. H. Press CONTROL SHIFT P to be able to type a new point size into the editfield you are in and, in Word 2000, 2002 and 2003 you can then TAB through a list of other attribute changes to also apply to the text. Alternatively, press CONTROL SHIFT > (greater than sign) to increase font size and CONTROL SHIFT < (less than sign) to decrease it. I. Press CONTROL D to open the font dialogue box and then ALT A followed by ENTER to make the text appear in full capitals. Note that you could also make the text "Engrave" (look like it is indented into the paper, "Embossed" (look like it stands out from the paper), change the "Font Colour" and much more.) J. Press ALT O, E, and ARROW down to change the case of the text, e.g. to "Upper Case", "Lower Case", "Title Case" (all first letters capitalised), etc. Remember, most screenreaders incorporate a hot key to let you review the characteristics of Word text so that you know what attributes it possesses, e.g. left CONTROL/SHIFT NumPad 4 in HAL 4X, CONTROL NumPad DELETE or INSERT E in Window-Eyes, INSERT F in JAWS and NumPad 4 several times in HAL 5. Remember also that some hot key combinations which your screenreader employs may clash with some of the above shortcuts, e.g. CONTROL SHIFT P with Window-Eyes, so you will have to use your screenreader's bypass hot key, e.g. INSERT B in Window-Eyes and CONTROL 7 in HAL (on the full keyboard), before using the Word shortcut for things to work or you will have to skip that particular Word shortcut and use the Word menu structure to achieve your goal instead. 3.1.2. The Generic Windows Method Of Highlighting As already stated in the last sub-section, "highlighting" (also known as selecting) is where you mark a word, string of words, picture object, etc, in order to perform one of a number of commands on them, e.g. to delete them, to copy them elsewhere, to print them, to change there case, etc. You can, as demonstrated in the last sub-section, use the unique Word method to achieve this highlighting or you can do this using the general Windows way of highlighting with the SHIFT key, as follows: Press SHIFT right or left ARROW to highlight a single letter to the right or to the left. Press SHIFT up or down ARROW to highlight the line above or the line below. Press SHIFT CONTROL right or left ARROW to highlight one word to the right or left. Keep pressing the right or left ARROW to continue highlighting successive words. Press SHIFT END to select from the cursor position to the end of the line. Press SHIFT HOME to highlight from the beginning of the line to the cursor position. Press SHIFT CONTROL up or down ARROW to highlight one paragraph up or down. Press SHIFT CONTROL PAGE down to highlight to the top of the next page. Press SHIFT CONTROL PAGE up to select to the top of the previous page. Press SHIFT CONTROL END to select from the cursor position to the end of the document. Press SHIFT CONTROL HOME to select from the cursor position to the beginning of the document. Press CONTROL A to highlight a whole document. Any of the other cursor movement shortcuts can also be used in conjunction with the SHIFT key to get sections of text highlighted. If you wish to remove the highlighting from any block of text, you just press any of the ARROW keys once in any direction. After highlighting words, strings of words, whole paragraphs or whole documents, etc, in this way, you could effect any of the formatting, printing, copying, etc, commands on it listed in 3A to J in the last sub-section. If you make a change to a highlighted block of text which you then decide you do not want, you can press CONTROL Z to undo that and up to 15 other changes, i.e. put things back to how they were before the change. If, before carrying out a command on a highlighted block of text, you would like to ratify that you have indeed selected the correct text, you should use your screenreader's say highlight hot key to do this, e.g. SHIFT INSERT down ARROW with JAWS, SHIFT ALT M with WE and Numpad 1 with HAL. Tip: You can get one block of highlighted/selected text replaced by another block of text if you paste that second block into where the first block is, when the first block of text will be deleted, e.g. select a whole sentence in one part of a document, copy or cut it to the Clipboard with CONTROL C or X, then go to where you want a sentence replacing with your copied or cut sentence, select the sentence to be replaced and then press CONTROL V. The unwanted sentence will disappear and the new sentence will appear in its place. ******** 4.1. Text Attributes 1. The CONTROL key together with other keys will toggle on and off certain text characteristics, such as CONTROL U for underlining, CONTROL I for italicising and CONTROL B to embolden text. You can use these next to one another so that a heading is both underlined and bold, for example. 2. With existing text which you wish to have underlined, italicised, etc, you must first highlight the text, as shown in the previous section, e.g. select three words and then press CONTROL U. 3. To centre text you use CONTROL E but be aware that pressing ENTER after this does not turn centring off. to start normal left justified paragraphing after centring you would have to press ENTER and then use CONTROL L. to Right align text use CONTROL R and to fully justify text, making it even at both the left and right margins, use CONTROL J. With existing text you could select it and change the alignment with one of the above alignment options. Fully justifying text with CONTROL J makes the lines of text spread out so that both the right and left margins are vertically straight and not jagged. Lines of text which would be slightly shorter than others have the spaces between the words made slightly larger to ensure the margins are straight. Remember, your screenreader is likely to possess a hot key to advise you of the alignment, justification and other text attributes of a document, e.g. INSERT F in JAWS, CONTROL NumPad DELETE or INSERT E in Window-Eyes and SHIFT NumPad 7 in HAL 5. ******** 5.1. Manually moving from One Page to Another Use CONTROL PAGE DOWN or PAGE UP to move from the top of one page to the top of another. This is useful when proving the format of a document, e.g. to check that no headings have been left stranded at the end of a page; you would do CONTROL PAGE DOWN and then ARROW up to check the bottom of the previous page. If you find a stranded heading, move to the start of that heading and put a page break in by pressing CONTROL ENTER, so that the heading will be forced to the top of the next page and re- associated with the paragraph it is meant to head. ******** 6.1. The Find Feature The Find facility permits you to locate a word, phrase or symbol in a document. To invoke a find: 1. with your document on screen and the cursor at the top left of the page, press CONTROL F. 2. In the editfield you come into, type the single word or string of words you want to find, e.g. Page Numbering, and then either press ENTER or TAB to "Fine" or "Find Next" and press ENTER. 3.A. In Word 97, 2000 and 2002, if you want to find a second instance of the same word you could now use CONTROL F, ENTER and press the ESCAPE key, or you could do right ARROW followed by SHIFT F4. Alternatively, to find subsequent occurrences of the word or phrase, after finding the first instance, as above, you can press ESCAPE to leave the Find dialogue and then press ALT CONTROL Y. Each time you press ALT CONTROL Y you will jump to the next occurrence of the search string. 3.B. In Word 2003, you will already be on the "Find Next" button to press ENTER on after finding the first occurrence of the search string. Note that until the makers of JAWS create a new script for Word 2003, after doing a search, you get a strange effect in JAWS. Because the new version of Word automatically highlights the word(s) it finds when you leave the Find dialogue, JAWS is then unable to read some of the text on screen, even though it is still there. 4. When in the find dialogue box there are only a few basic CONTROLs but if you press ENTER on the 'more' button several other options become available, such as being able to use wild cards, find words that sound similar, etc. If you have checked any of these "More" options, you will have to hit ENTER on 'less' to reduce the dialogue to its default (normal) state. 5. When you have the above "More" sub-dialogue box open, some of the other items in the More options, for finding things rather than replacing them, (after selecting the 'more' button) are as follows. (N.B if there is no 'more' option but rather a 'less' option, this means that the advanced options are already open. Pressing ENTER on 'less' closes the extra options). A. To enable wild card searches press SPACEBAR on Use Wild Cards" to select it, SHIFT TAB back to 'find What' and if you wanted to find mediaeval but did not know how to spell it, you could ENTER med*val, and press ENTER to find the first word with these characteristics. As you will have gathered, a "wild card" is a symbol which you can use to replace one or more other symbols or letters which are unknown or uncertain. B. Another option within 'more' is to check on (press SPACEBAR on it) 'Use Word forms'. then if you do a find on a word like 'care' it will not only find all instances of 'care' but also similar words such as caring, carer, etc. This option is called "Sounds Like English" in Word XP. You can also search for particular font attributes in a document such as Underlined words, emboldened or italicised words, e.g. press CONTROL F, then in the "Find What" field press CONTROL U (shortcut for underlining) and press ENTER. ******** 7.1. Find and Replace Find and Replace is invoked by pressing CONTROL H. It locates words, phrases, symbols, etc, and then replaces them with your desired alternative. For example: 1. Press CONTROL H and in the "Fine What" editfield type the word, words, punctuation mark, etc, which you wish to have found and replaced with something else. 2. Then TAB to "Replace With" and type in the word, words, punctuation mark, etc, you wish to replace the above with. 3. TAB to "Replace" and press ENTER to commence the replacement action. 4. As soon as Word has finished finding and replacing, it will advise you of this with an "OK" button to press ENTER on, so press ENTER and then press ESCAPE to leave the dialogue, return to your altered document and view the changes. If you want to replace all instances of a word, punctuation mark, etc, you TAB to 'replace all' and press ENTER or press ALT A. To replace the first instance only of a word, press ALT R, but you will be asked if you really want to replace it. If yes, you press ENTER, then TAB to 'find' to find the next instance of the word or press ALT F to do this. To view a word in context before electing to replace it, your screenreader will have to be able to read the word in context to get any feedback during this process, e.g. with JAWS press INSERT C and with Window-Eyes press INSERT S. A very handy use of find and replace is to tidy up badly formatted DOS text files which have both long and short lines. To do this use CONTROL H, go to the 'more' button if the dialogue is not already fully opened up and press ENTER, tab to 'find all Word Forms' and ensure this is unchecked so that the 'special' button is available, TAB to special, hit ENTER and you will fall on 'Paragraph Mark' so press ENTER. You will return to the first dialogue so that you can now replace paragraph hard returns with a space to make all lines maximum length. In fact, in the 'special' list, which you can ARROW up and down in, there are many other special characters like carets, page breaks, section breaks, tab characters, etc, which you can search for and replace with something else. Note, however, that if you do replace paragraph marks with a space to make all lines full length, you will also remove all soft and hard returns, so that your text will all now run on, with no paragraphs, no new lines after headings, no new lines when moving from step 1 of instructions to step 2, etc--everything will be in a solid block and you may in fact find this to be worse than broken lines. Within the "More" list of options there is also a "Format" button which, when pressed, permits you to search for and replace such as emboldened text, particular fonts, given styles, etc, and many of the same or similar extra features are available within the More options as are available in More in the previous section. ******** 8.1. Goto With a multi-page document on screen, press CONTROL G or F5 to invoke the go to feature and you will fall on the search for page option, so if you enter 12 and press ENTER you will go to the top of page 12. Alternatively, after CONTROL G you can SHIFT TAB back to a listbox of other things to go to such as footnote, paragraph, field, etc. For how to insert bookmarks into your text and then use the Goto feature to find your last reading position when returning to a document, see Section 15 below. ******** 9.1. Cut, Copy and Paste with the Windows and Word Clipboards The Clipboards in Word 97, 2000, 2002 and 2003 work the same from a one cut or copy and one paste point of view but they are very different from a multiple cut, copy and paste perspective, as the below will illustrate. 9.2. Cut, Copy and Paste with the Word 97 Clipboard 1. Cut, copy and Paste may be done via the Windows Clipboard in the standard Windows way withe the shortcuts of CONTROL X, CONTROL C and CONTROL V respectively, but, again, Word has its own alternatives. For example, if you highlight a whole line and want to move/cut it elsewhere you could press F2, cursor to where you want to be and then press ENTER. Similarly, to copy you can use SHIFT F2. 2. You can do multiple cuts and pastes in Word, known as cutting to the 'spike'. To cut non-contiguous lines, such as lines 1, 3 and 5, to a newly opened blank document you would: A. Highlight line 1 and press CONTROL F3 to cut it to the spike. B. Go to line 3, highlight it, press CONTROL F3 again. C. Then go to line 5, highlight it, press CONTROL F3. D. Then move to your other document by pressing CONTROL F6, place the cursor where you want these lines inserting and paste the whole lot from the spike with CONTROL SHIFT F3. However, you can only cut using the spike, as there is no equivalent way of copying to the spike. 9.3. Cut, Copy and Paste with the Word 2000 Clipboard The Word 2000, 2002 and 2003 Clipboard should, more accurately, be called the Office Clipboard, as the same multiple Clipboard can be used across the whole MS Office platform from Office 2000 onwards. The Word 2000 floating Clipboard toolbar, when activated, fills part of the document window and can be somewhat annoying, as it may cut off your screenreader's view of some of the text on screen. On the other hand, it is more versatile, as you can not only cut but also copy up to twelve separate times to the Office Clipboard without them over-writing one another in the way that would happen in earlier versions of the Clipboard (but see cutting to the Spike above). You may therefore wish to keep this Clipboard unchecked for most of the time and only enable it when you want to do multiple cut, copy and paste sessions. You can, of course, still use the traditional Windows Clipboard with the normal one cut, copy and paste method but any previous material in the Clipboard will be over-written. You activate the Word 2000 Clipboard toolbar to be able to view, empty, cut or copy its contents by pressing ALT V, T and then ARROWING down to "Clipboard" and pressing ENTER. You now view and use the Clipboard by: 1. Press ALT, release it and then press CONTROL TAB. 2. You will land on a "Copy" button and can now TAB through the other facilities in the Clipboard toolbar. 3. The "Copy" option is likely to be unavailable if nothing has been highlighted at present. It works the same as the CONTROL C command. 4. TABBING or ARROWING takes you to "Clear Clipboard", which removes everything from the Clipboard and must be done if you already have material in the Clipboard. "Paste All" pastes all of the contents into your document at the cursor position in the order it is held in the Clipboard. 5. With the Clipboard cleared (empty), To cut or copy several blocks of text to the Clipboard and then paste them into your document simultaneously in one move you would: A. Highlight and cut (CONTROL X) or copy (CONTROL C) several blocks of text to the Clipboard in the order you want them to be pasted in. B. Move the cursor to the place in your current document or in another document in another open window where you wish the several Clipboard contents to be pasted. C. Press ALT, then CONTROL TAB and then TAB to "Paste All" and press ENTER to finish, when you will return to your document. D. Leave the Clipboard toolbar at any time by pressing ESCAPE. E. After carrying out a multiple paste in this way, remember to turn off the Clipboard toolbar with ALT V, T, and press ENTER on "Clipboard" to uncheck it. Note 1: In Word 2000, before you do a multiple paste from the Clipboard, you can always press ALT and then CONTROL TAB to check the Clipboard multiple contents by ARROWING down the commands and textual contents. Note 2: If you only wished to Paste one of the multiple contents of the Clipboard into a particular document, with your cursor in the place the information should be inserted at, you can ARROW to it in the list of cut or copied text or objects and just press ENTER to achieve this. However, if you only want to cut or copy one item, you will find it quicker and easier to use the standard Word single item cut. copy and paste methods or the CONTROL X AND CONTROL C methods without invoking the Clipboard toolbar. 9.4. Cut, Copy and Paste with the Word 2002 and 2003 Clipboard The Word 2002 and 2003 (or Office 2002/XP and 2003) Clipboard has evolved since that featured in Word 2000. It is more powerful and can be both turned on and hidden from the screen at the same time if you wish. It can also accept 24 copying or cutting commands before it is full rather than the 12 which is the Word 2000 Clipboard maximum. For more general information about the Word multiple cut, copy and paste Clipboard, see Sub-Section "Cut, Copy and Paste with the Word 2000 Clipboard" above and the following Sub-Section. Each time you launch Word 2002 and 2003, if you wish to use the Clipboard, you must activate it to be able to view, empty, cut or copy its contents plus modify its options by pressing ALT E (for Edit) and then B (for Clipboard), followed by pressing ESCAPE. You now view and use the Clipboard by: 1. Highlight the first word, sentence, object, symbol, etc, you wish to cut or copy and cut or copy it to the Office Clipboard by pressing CONTROL X or CONTROL C respectively. 2. Do the same for any other cuts or copies you wish to place on the Clipboard up to 24 times in the order you want them to be pasted. 3. Now press ALT E and then B to activate the Clipboard if you have not already turned it on or use the shortcut of CONTROL C twice to achieve this. You can move between the Clipboard task pane and the document pane by pressing F6. 4. In the clipboard pane you will find several buttons you can TAB through and press ENTER or click on, such as "Options", "Paste All", "Clear", etc. 5. Move the cursor to the place in your current document or in another document in another open window (in any Office program including Word, Excel, Powerpoint and Access) where you wish the several Clipboard contents to be pasted. 6. Press F6 back to the Clipboard pane and then TAB to and press the ENTER key on or double click your mouse left click simulation key (next to the NumPad on/off key) on the "Paste All" button to finish, when you will return to your document. If you do not, just press F6 to return to it. 7. The contents of the Clipboard will have been pasted into your document at the cursor point and the Clipboard contents will be retained on it until you either turn your computer off or until you start to make cuts or copies in excess of 24, when they will start to overwrite one another, e.g. the 25th copy will overwrite the 1st. Note 1: If you wished only to cut or copy one of the several Clipboard individual contents to a document, you can do this but your screenreader may not be able to "see" each individual piece of text in the Clipboard list, so if this happens you will either have to remember which of the up to 24 different copies or cuts you made to be able to ARROW down to the one you want or you may find it simpler just to use the standard Windows one cut or copy Clipboard for this. However, you should be able to view the list of separate cuts or copies held on the multiple Clipboard in mouse mode. If you do want to highlight one of these for pasting, you will have to ARROW to it in the Clipboard task pane, press the SPACEBAR to highlight it and then press your screenreader's left mouse key to effect the pasting. The Clipboard contents list is one TAB press after the "Clear All" button. Note 2: The "Options" button in the Office 2002 and 2003 Clipboard allows you to press ENTER on four buttons to turn on or off several views of the Clipboard, including "Collect Without Showing Office Clipboard" but these are likely to make little difference to a non-monitor user's use of the multiple Clipboard. If you can see sufficiently to make use of one or several of these option views, experiment with them to find your preference. ******** 10.1. Headers and Footers Headers and footers are headings or titles which appear either at the top (header) or bottom (footer) of each page of a document such as a report. They contain such information as the article title, chapter headings and page numbers which are additional to the main page text and are repeated on each page at either the top, bottom or both if you wish. To create them: 1. Press ALT V (for View) and then H (for Header and Footer). 2. You will drop in the Header editfield to start creating a header. So type the header in caps if you wish and then make any other attribute changes, such as bold, print size, etc, after first highlighting the header with CONTROL A. To create a footer, instead of a header or as well as a header, just ARROW down after pressing ALT V, H, and you will be in the footer editfield. Complete it just the same as with the header. Headers and footers will be left aligned but to centre them just press TAB once whilst the header box is open or twice to right justify. If you would like to automatically complete certain header or footer details, you can do this whilst in either the header or footer editfields by pressing ALT I (for Insert) and then A (for Autotext). You will now be in a list of options you can have inserted into your header or footer and the "Author, Page, Date" may be found to be useful. Choosing this will insert such as "John Wilson Page 1 20/11/02" followed by anything else you yourself typed in to the header or footer, such as the report title, etc. To exit from the header/footer creation box use ALT V, H, again. Note, when you are in the standard document screen you cannot see the header or footer you have created. You will have to again use ALT V, H, to view them. If, instead of having the same header or footer on all pages, you would like a different one on page 1, you would go into page set-up with ALT F, U, CONTROL TAB to the layout properties sheet, TAB to 'Different first page' and press SPACEBAR to check this and press ENTER. Then go to the top of your document and go back into the headers and footers creation box, type the new header you want for page 1, etc, check the attributes are what you want and exit with ALT V, H. If your header is not fitting on the line properly, you can press ALT F, U, and then increase the header margins in the margins property sheet. ******** 11.1. Word Help The Word help system works differently in each version of Word. It has a HTML format from Word 2000 onwards. 11.2. The Word 97 Contents and Index Help System Word 97 help is standard Windows-type help and there is also a very good context-sensitive help facility. Tip Whilst using Word help, you could simply listen to the help text and try to remember it whilst practising what you learned. Alternatively, you could employ a dictaphone or tape recorder to record the help text and use this to take you through as you are learning a new topic. A further possibility is that you can open the help Contents or Index (or any other part of Help) and then open another document screen if you do not already have one open (with CONTROL N), followed by ALT TABBING between both screens as you go along listening to and then applying what you learn from the Help screen in the second open document screen. Use whatever method you find the most convenient or any other procedure which you might prefer. 1. To go into the standard book and topic hierarchy of help, press F1 or ALT H. Then maximise the help window by pressing ALT SPACEBAR and then X. ARROW to 'Contents and Index' and press ENTER. You can then press ENTER on any book main heading to obtain a list of subheadings or sub-books with in it. Pressing ENTER on one of the subheadings will either bring up another list of subheadings or read the help text contained there. Press PAGE DOWN to hear the next page of help text. You may have to press F6 to get the text read out to you. Pressing F6 again or the letter T should take you back to the list of subjects and topics to choose another for reading. You press ESCAPE to leave help. 2. You press SHIFT F1 for context-sensitive help. for example, pressing SHIFT F1 followed by CONTROL B will obtain an explanation of what the CONTROL B shortcut does. Alternatively, if you are in the find dialogue box and on the 'Find Whole Words Only' CONTROL you could press SHIFT F1 to obtain an explanation of what this does. Exit from help with ESCAPE. 3. Open up the help 'Index' by pressing ALT H and pressing ENTER on 'Contents and Index'. You are likely to land in the 'contents' tab, so press CONTROL TAB to the 'Index' tab. The index search of help lets you type in the subject you want information on, e.g. type the word 'shortcut', you then TAB to a list of further links to several types of shortcut topics, which you can TAB through before pressing ENTER on the one you want. After reading your desired topic, pressing the letter T should return you to the Index editfield to type another search word or string in. (Incidentally, the 'shortcut' search will bring up many Word keyboard shortcuts of interest to VI users.) 4. Other resources for getting help and technical information are the Office Assistant, if not deactivated, and the Getting Results Book which comes with the program (if you are running the Office shortcut bar). There are also internet resources at www.microsoft.com such as the Microsoft HOME Page, the Microsoft Knowledge Base (KB) the Microsoft Software Library (MSL)the Microsoft Technet and the Microsoft Press Publications. 5. The 'About Microsoft Word' Option of help (ALT H, then ARROW up ) gives general Word program information and if you TAB to the 'System Info' section a large amount of your computer system details can be obtained, e.g. Version of O/S, type of CPU, listing of DLLs, Printer set-up, Available memory, and much more. (You will have to TAB from one pane to another to see the details and probably go into navigation/mouse mode with your screenreader.) You can also use CONTROL S to save this system information to disk, when it will save into your C:\Windows directory, with a filename such as msinfo32.txt. CONTROL H will take you into the program/system help topics manual, where you can learn how to use this information utility. 11.3. The Word 2000 Contents, Index and Answer Wizard Help System Word 2000 help has most of the elements of Word 97 help, namely the Contents tab, the Index tab and the same context-sensitive help functions. However, it also has the "Answer Wizard". It is recommended that you turn the Word Office Assistant off and also do not try to access it via the help system (see Section 1 "Turning the Word 2000 and XP Office Assistant Off." above). Word 2000 help is a little messier to use than that of its predecessor, as it has more steps to go through and presents its help screens in HTML formatting similar to the way a Web browser does. 1. When you first start Word help by pressing ALT H and ENTER or F1, it usually opens with the "Ways to Get Assistance While You Work" page. To move to the Contents tab, press ALT C. to move to the Index tab, press ALT I. to move to the Answer Wizard, press ALT A. The same SHIFT F1 context sensitive help facility exists as in paragraph 2 above in Word 97 help. 2. To get into the Word 2000 Contents hierarchy of help books/topics you either press F1 or ALT H and then press ENTER on "Microsoft Word Help". You navigate the books, sub-books and topics and read them exactly the same as in Word 97 help in 1 above. However, before you can get text read out to you, you may have to TAB or ARROW through more pages of help links before pressing ENTER and then pressing F6 obtains the information. To go back one stage in the process, press ALT left ARROW and to move forward to a previous stage use ALT right ARROw. Use ALT F4 to leave help. During your screenreader's reading of the page)s) of help text, you are likely to hear the word "link" spoken frequently. Whilst the word link may be on the screen from time to time, most of these "link" announcements will not be part of the help text but rather your screenreader alerting you to the fact that links or hyperlinks exist at several places embedded in the help text. This can be a little off-putting to listen to but you will have to try to filter these link reports out in your mind or turn off your screenreader's announce links feature, although if you do this you may then miss out on valuable follow-on linked information. TABBING or SHIFT TABBING to any of these embedded links and pressing ENTER on them will reveal more textual information specific to that part of the current topic. 3. To use the Index feature of Word 2000 help, which works slightly differently from the Word 97 Index, you maximise the screen with ALT SPACEBAR AND X and then you press ALT I, then type the word(s) in you want to have information found on, press ENTER and then SHIFT TAB back once to the list of found topics, then press ENTRE on one of them to get the text displayed. However, before you obtain any help text, you may first get other pages with links on them of sub-topics, so ARROW or TAB through these and press ENTER on the one you want. You may now get more links or the text and, if it is not read out automatically, press F6 to start the reading and/or use your ARROW keys to cursor through the help information or use your screenreader's document continuous read feature. Use ALT E to clear the editfield and type something else in to find. Press ALT F4 to leave help. 4. To use the Answer Wizard you would press ALT A and then type a phrase in the "What Would You Like to Do" editfield which you would like information searching for, e.g. "Write a letter", then TAB to "Search" and press ENTER. Now TAB twice to a list of topics and use your ARROW keys to find what you want. In this case, you should find "Create a Letter", so leave focus on that line and press F6 to move to the text pane and read the information.Press ALT F4 to leave the wizard. 5. You can access an Options list of commands by pressing ALT O when Word 2000 help is activated, which allows you to ARROW up or down and press ENTER on several buttons, such as "Back", "Home" and "Print". "Print" obviously will send a copy of the help screen text to your printer, whereas "Home" takes you to a page giving general information about Windows help itself. If you activate the "Internet" button, you will fall in a property sheet which you can TAB down to "Fonts" and "Colours buttons, which you can use to change the default background and foreground colours of the help screens and the type and size of font used for those who can benefit from the use of a monitor. 6. Most of the details given in paragraphs 4 and 5 of Word 97 help above also apply to Word 2000. Note: If you or your screenreader are not comfortable reading help information in this HTML environment, with the page of information opened up on screen, in the right-hand pane, you can always copy it to the Clipboard and then paste it into the normal Word document screen for reading as a normal Word page. You can also view it in Notepad or Wordpad in this way. For instance, with the information pane highlighted, press CONTROL A to highlight the whole page, then press CONTROL C, close Word help, and then paste the Clipboard contents into the Word document screen with CONTROL V. You could then save it to a filename of your own choice for later viewing if you want. 11.4. The Word 2002/XP Contents, Index and Answer Wizard Help System There is no significant difference in how Word 2002 and Word 2000 work from a help point of view. They have the same HTML help pages and the same Contents, Index and Wizard features. When help first opens, you can now TAB between several buttons to take you quickly to certain information, such as "What's New", "Getting Help" and "Keyboard Shortcuts". However, you are likely to have to use your screenreader's mouse mode to be able to activate one of these by left clicking on it. When you first press ALT C to get into the Contents page, you will be on a "Microsoft Word Help" book and will have to press ENTER or right ARROW to open up the rest of the help books and topics. One thing to remember, though, is that if your screenreader is not reading the expandable links on Word XP help pages very well, you might get better results if you TAB to and then press ENTER on the "Show All" link which now appears at the top of all help information pages, when it will become a "Hide All" link. Otherwise, follow the instructions outlined in using Word 2000 help in the last sub-section. You may also find that Word 2002 help works better if you have Internet Explorer 6 installed, rather than an earlier version. 11.5. The Word 2003 Online and Internet Links Help system Microsoft have again departed from their previous formats and style of help presentation. They have replaced the Contents, Index and Answer Wizard tabs with a single list of Links which you can TAB through and press ENTER on to open up help resources, such as the "Table of Contents" link, or to be taken onto the Web for even more help material. Once in the Table of Contents, you can ARROW up and down the standard kind of books and topics/items and open them up in the normal way with right ARROW. You can then press TAB or F6 to view the help text in the right-hand pane in the usual way. What happens when using the various help pages and their links is: 1. Press F1 or ALT H and then ENTER on "Word Help". You will fall on either a Search or Go button and if you TAB or ARROW forwards or backwards at this stage, you will encounter several primary links to both information which is part of your Word help information on your hard disk and some which will take you online to various places on the Internet, mainly to resources on the Microsoft Website, e.g. Microsoft Office online, Training, what's new, etc. Press ENTER on any of these to experience what happens either online or offline. Note also the Online "Contents Settings" link, which permits you to make some changes to the way these help pages work and what they display. You can leave this stage of help by pressing ESCAPe or ALT F4. However, if you are a JAWS user, until Freedom Scientific create scripts to work with JAWS 4.5 and 5.0 which also work better with the Word 2003 help system, you may find that if you do too much ARROWING around in these initial links, your computer and speech freeze on you, possibly requiring a reboot. 2. If you TAB to the "Table of Contents" link and press ENTER you will open up the help books and topics as described in the introductory paragraph in this section and earlier descriptions in sub-sections within this main section of using help books and topics. After ARROWING to a given help topic, get to the help text by pressing ENTER and then pressing either TAB or F6. You can still move back and forwards in some situations with ALT left and right ARROWS but this does not work everywhere. Leave help contents by pressing ALT F4. 3. After first entering help with F1 or ALT H, you fall on either a "Search For" editfield or "Go" button, which have basically replaced the Index and Answer Wizard tabs. So, if you would prefer to search for topics instead of using the help Contents books, type what you want to search for in this editfield, e.g. "printing" or "working with macros", and TAB to "Go" and press ENTER. You may have to press ENTER on the Go button twice to get this to work. You can then TAB through many other links where help details can be obtained from and eventually a list of printing topic links (or whatever you were searching for) which help has found on your search string. So, after typing "printing" into the search box and pressing ENTER on "Go", you will be able to TAB or down ARROW through many print topics which have been found and then, after leaving focus on one of these, press ENTER and if the help text does not come into focus automatically you should then press TAB or F6 to move onto the help text and then ARROW down it to read it. To go back to your search editfield and go button, press ALT right ARROW and press ESCAPE or ALT F4 to leave search help. 4. After using the search feature, you will find, after SHIFT TABBING backwards once, a "Search Scope" listbox where you can ARROW to such as training, templates, clipart and media, etc, and thereby narrow down the type of search you do to these kinds of topics. 5. Again, when using the search feature, there will be a "Can't Find It" link which will bring you into a help screen where you can read good searching methods information and tips for when doing help searches. 6. In fact, the above links to help books and topics and to the Internet and Knowledge base have brought together and amalgamated all of the elements of help in earlier versions of Word under one large page of links with sub-pages flowing from it. You leave help in the usual way by pressing ALT F4. ******** 12.1. Page Layout and Page Size By default, Word assumes that you are using American letter size paper (8.5 by 11 inches), portrait, with 1.25 inch left and right margins and 1 inch top and bottom margins. To change margins you go to the 'Page Set-up' group of options with ALT F, U, when you will normally fall in the "Margins" property sheet. If you do not, press CONTROL TAB until you get there. Note that there are several other property sheets here, such as "Page Size", "Paper Source" and "Layout". If you open a document which someone else has created and you are not happy with the marginal sizes you can change and resave them by pressing ALT F, U, and by observing the document's margin widths. You then come out of this by pressing ESCAPE and select the whole document with CONTROL A, then go back into page set- up with ALT F, U, TAB to the left, bottom, etc, margin indicators and change them to your preferences (the document will be reformatted), then press CONTROL S to resave the document with its new margins to its original filename. Furthermore, if you have an existing document, say, with 1 inch margins all round but you would like to indent one of its paragraphs by half an inch you could highlight the said paragraph (with CONTROL SHIFT down ARROW)and then do ALT F, U, enter the new values for the left and right margins, TAB to the 'Apply To' combo box and ARROW down to 'Selected Text', TAB to OK and press ENTER. However, there are easier ways of doing this which will be shown elsewhere in this manual. You can make any other changes you like in the other three File, Page Setup property sheets by CONTROL TABBING to them and changing such as letter size, types of headers, whether your printer is to be fed manually or automatically, etc. With Word 2000, 2002 and 2003, there is also a "Default" button in Page Setup. If you press ENTER on this, you will make your current page changes the normal default for all documents you create in future. ******** 13.1. Printing and On-Screen Displaying with a Particular Font Size and Type Keep in mind that a character of 72 points in hight will be one inch or 2.5 centimetres tall and that the most common point sizes for printing out are 10 or 12 point. 13.2. Normal Printing Attributes You can change the type of font face and/or print size on the screen to help people be able to see it. This will be evident on the screen and at the printer when you print the document out on paper. By font face, what is meant is a letter's appearance or what it looks like to the eye on screen and when printed out, e.g. whether plain looking without serifs (little flicks at the end of the letter's down strokes for effect) as with such as the Courier and Ariel fonts or whether more fancy looking like Times New Roman and any type of gothic or script font would be. Another thing to keep in mind is that the number and type of fonts you will have available to you will depend on the type of printer you are using. for example, if you are using an old-type dot matrix printer, you may find that you have only five or six fonts at your disposal, whilst users of a modern bubble jet or laser printer may have hundreds of different looking font faces available. 13.2.1. Changing the Font for the Current Print Job Only You can change the font by pressing ALT O (for format), F (for Font) and TAB down to the various fonts and sizes and change them by ARROWING up or down in the listboxes to the one you would like. Alternatively, you can use the shortcut of CONTROL SHIFT P, when an edit box will appear and inform you of the current document's print point size. so you can now enter/change the current point size. If you receive a document, say, with a 25 point size font and want to reduce this to normal size, with the document on screen, you should select the whole document with CONTROL A (or F8 pressed five times), then either use the ALT O, F, method or the CONTROL SHIFT P method and then resave the document.If you want a heading of 20 point, use CONTROL SHIFT P, enter 20, type the heading, press SHIFT CONTROL P again, reduce the point size back to 12 or 10 and type the body of the document. If you use the CONTROL SHIFT P shortcut in Word 2000, 2002 and 2003, you will also be able to ARROW down a long list of other formatting attributes to make to the currently highlighted document or portion of your document, such as emboldening it, centring it, placing bullets in front of list lines, changing the default font (there is a list of fonts to ARROW up and down)etc. Of course, all of the above only applies to the current document on screen and does not change the default start up font and point size. Remember, your screenreader may feature a hot key to decrease or increase font size, e.g. Window-Eyes changes font size by one point each time you press CONTROL [ (left Bracket) and CONTROL ]respectively. 13.2.2. Changing the Font for All Future Print Jobs After making font alterations as in the last sub-section, if you want a particular font type, point size, etc, to become your default (permanent setting), you use ALT O, F, TAB to default and press ENTER and Y for yes. For instance, you may wish to make the Arial font your default, as this is one of the easiest to see plain fonts available. This will not, however, alter the saved font attributes of any previous documents you may have created or been given, as these attributes are stored within the codes saved with a document file. If you do change the font defaults for future documents, you are actually making changes to Word's normally used document template, which is called "normal.dot" (To learn more about the normal.dot template, see "Where Templates are Stored and About the Normal.dot Template" below). 13.2.3. Changing the Font for Part of a Document Only If you only want to change the font style or size of a few words in a document, as with a heading, you should highlight those words before using CONTROL SHIFT P and/or ALT O, F, and choosing your attribute changes, e.g. to highlight a heading on a single line, go to the beginning of that line and press SHIFT END before making your font attribute changes. 13.3. On-Screen Special Effects If you would like to spice up your on-screen documents with such as blinking or sparkling text or have a catchy border displayed around your document: 1. Highlight the word, line, paragraph or whole document you would like the special effect to apply to and then enter the fonts multi-sheet this time with the shortcut of CONTROL D. 2. You should be in the "Font" property sheet discussed earlier in this section. To move to the other sheets in here press CONTROL TAB and stop on the "Text Effects" property sheet. 3. TAB to the "Animations" listbox and ARROW down the options in here, moving focus from "None" to the one you would like, e.g. blinking background, sparkle text, marching black ants, etc. 4. TAB to "OK" and press ENTER to apply the special effect to the highlighted text or document. Note: Such special effects are unlikely to be spoken by screenreaders and may even cause some to be unable to focus properly on a document, so be careful with this if sending your documents to screenreader users. It is a visual, eye-catching feature and will do nothing for users who cannot see the screen. ******** 14.1. Printing via the Printer You can use ALT F (for File) and then P (for Print) or CONTROL P and press ENTER to print out one standard copy of your whole document on screen with your default printing set-up. However, depending on the type of printer you are using, you can change several options in the above printing dialogue, such as the number of copies, what is printed, e.g. all pages, just odd pages, comments only, headers and footers only, and many other options. If you TAB to "Scale to Paper Size", you can choose what size paper you would like your printout to cover, which may either expand or shrink the original. 14.2. Printing Consecutive or Non-Consecutive Ranges of Pages In "Page Range", in the above printing dialogue, "All" pages will be selected but you can ARROW down to "Current Page" to have just the page you are on, say, page 6, printed only, or you can ARROW down further to an editfield and type in the range of pages you would like to have printed, e.g. type "2-7" to have pages 2 to 7 inclusive printed only or type "3-5;7;9" to have pages 3, 4,5,7 and 9 only printed. In this same print range list, if you have firstly highlighted a portion of text in your document, you will then have access to the "Selection" button (ALT S gets you there) to print only your highlighted/selected portion. 14.3. Printing Options: Draft, Background and Comments Printing Again in the above-mentioned printing dialogue, if you TAB to and activate the "Options" dialogue, you can choose to have draft quality printing, printing in the background whilst you continue to use your PC, comments printed with the pages and much more. Remember, your screenreader may contain a hot key for listing reviewers' comments inserted into your document, e.g. SHIFT CAPSLOCK 5 with HAL 6 and CONTROL SHIFT ' with JAWS. 14.4. Printing Your Document with Landscape Orientation To achieve horizontal landscape printing (without having to turn your paper round in the printer), you can use ALT F, U, CONTROL TAB to the 'Paper Size' property sheet, go to the orientation group where (Portrait" will be selected, ARROW down to "Landscape" and press ENTER. 14.5. Centring a Document Vertically on a Page If you want to centre a short document vertically so that it will be centred from top to bottom on a printed sheet of paper, go to page set-up with ALT F, U, CONTROL TAB to "Layout", TAB to "Vertical Alignment" and then ARROW down from "Top" alignment to "Centre". If you choose 'Justified' this will centre the page vertically but spread out with blank lines in-between down the whole length of the page, e.g. as you may want it if creating a poster. Note: If you get regular spool32 error messages when trying to send a print job to your printer, this may be because this Windows system file (spool32.exe) is being interfered with when it tries to manage files which are being sent to the printer. Spooling errors can be caused when Norton Anti-Virus and MS Outlook are running, and also some printer drivers may cause this. To discover where your problem lies, note which programs are running in the background (in the SYS Tray) when your printing fails and close each of them and try printing until you find the culprit. In future ensure that this troublesome program is not running when you try to print out. To find out more, go to the Microsoft Knowledge Base at: support.microsoft.com and in the search box type "spool32" to find articles on this problem. ******** 15.1. Bookmarks To enter a bookmark place the cursor on a letter of the word you want to return to when restarting a document reading session, press ALT I, K, give the bookmark a name, e.g. jw or mark1, and press ENTER. You will then have to press CONTROL S to save the document before shutting down the PC. After reloading the above document, to look for the bookmark called 'mark1' or whatever you called it, you would press CONTROL G (for Goto), when you will be on the 'To page' option. Then SHIFT TAB back to a list of go to options, then ARROW through to 'bookmark', TAB forward one and type in the bookmark name (mark1), if it is not already showing, or ARROW to it, TAB to close and press ENTER. It will be immediately found and you can then continue reading your document from where you last left it. ******** 16.1. Page Numbering With your cursor at the top of page one (or any other page) of the document you wish to have numbered: 1. Press ALT I, U, when the program will create a footer where you can insert a page number. By default the page header is at the bottom of each page but you can ARROW up two or three times to put it at the top or press T (for top) or B (for bottom). 2. You can then TAB to the next listbox, called "Alignment", and arrow up or down to align the page numbers left, right or centre or press L, C or R, and you can choose inside or outside for opposite pages. 3. You can TAB once more and then choose not to have the first page numbered by checking this off with the SPACEBAR, so that numbering starts with number 2 on the second page. 4. If you TAB again and press ENTER on the "Format" button, you can: A. ARROW down and choose the type of numbers used, e.g. standard Arabic numbers (the default), small or capital letters or small or large Romans. You can also get to these different numbering systems by pressing such as 1, a and i to select them. B. In this sub-dialogue box, you can also TAB to and press SPACEBAR to have the chapter number shown with the page number. C. If you TAB to an editfield called "Start At" you can type in the number of what you want the first page to be numbered as, e.g. 31, to have pages begin to be numbered from a point other than page 1 or 2. 5. Then TAB to two successive "OK" buttons and press ENTER on each. 6. The only way you can view the page numbers is via the View menu by pressing ALT V, H. When finished viewing, press ALT V, H, again to return things to normal. ******** 17.1. Line Spacing The default spacing in Word is single. to change to double line spacing press CONTROL 2 and for one and a half spacing use CONTROL 5. If you have an existing document and want a particular paragraph changing to double line spacing, just place the cursor anywhere in that paragraph and press CONTROL 2. If you wish to change to one and a half line spacing for the whole of an existing document use CONTROL A then CONTROL 5. CONTROL 1 changes spacing back to single. The standard way to view the line spacing is with ALT O (for format), P, and go to the paragraphing control, because it will not be apparent on screen. However, your screenreader may have a format attributes hot key to advise you of the formatting, font type and size, etc, e.g. INSERT F in JAWS, CONTROL NumPad DELETE or INSERT E in Window-Eyes and NumPad 4 in HAL 5. ******** 18.1. Sorting Text If you have a vertical list of names, numbers, dates, etc, on the screen which you want in numerically or alphabetically sorted order you can: 1. Highlight the list with CONTROL A. 2. Press ALT A (for Table) and then S (for Sort). 3. At this stage you could just press ENTER to get a list of text sorted in ascending alphabetical order. However, if you want to sort in a different order, e.g. descending, or you have a list of numbers or dates to sort rather than text, you can TAB through options and make choices with the up and down ARROWS before pressing ENTER on "OK". ******** 19.1. Changing Case To change, say, a fully capitalised isolated paragraph or whole document to standard initial capitalised text, you must select the text, then use ALT O, E. You will land on a listbox which you can cursor up and down in, in order to choose to change it to lower case, sentence case (puts in lower case with initial capitals), title case (gives first letter of all words a capital letter), etc. ******** 20.1. AutoFormatting If you have "AutoFormat as You Type" turned on by: In Word 97 and 2000, pressing ALT O, A, and then CONTROL TABBING to "Autoformat as You Type". or In Word 2002 and 2003, you will have to SHIFT TAB to "Options and press ENTER on that first and then SHIFT TAB back to the property sheet label, followed by ARROWING either right, left, up or down until you reach "Autoformat As You Type". and then ARROW down to "Automatically Bulleted Lists" and "Automatically Numbered Lists" and check them on by pressing SPACEBAR on them if they are not already checked on, the following features, which have been given separate sub-headings and numbers, will become available to you. However, not all screenreader users like these features, as they sometimes do things which they did not expect and their screenreader does not advise them of. 20.2. Borders Word creates a single or double border around a document for you when you type three hyphens or equals signs in a row and press ENTER. 20.3. Eye-Catching Asterisks/Bullets If you have autoFormatting turned on and you type an asterisk (*) followed by a line of text and press ENTER once, Word will put the next asterisk on the next line automatically For you. (For other bullet types and autonumbering, see 'Bulleted and Numbered Lists' below.) 20.4. Indentation Matching Word detects leading spaces that correspond to the left margin of the bulleted or numbered paragraph above the current one and changes your left indentation for you to match it. 20.5. Simple Heading Styles Word can apply built-in heading styles to text, such as heading level 1, level 2, etc, when you type a line of text with no ending punctuation and then press ENTER twice. 20.6. Ordinal Number and Fraction Formatting Word formats ordinal numbers and fractions, such as changing 1/4 to a single character quarter sign automatically. 20.7. Quick Table Creation When you type +---+---+ Word creates a table with a column for each trio of hyphens. So the pluses and dashes just shown would create a two columned table. 20.8. AutoFormatting Document Types In Word 2002 and 2003, after exiting the Autoformat property sheet, you will return to the first dialogue box you were in. In here you can TAB to a list of "General Document", "Letter" and "Email" and if you ARROW to the one most appropriate to the type of document you wish to have automatically formatted and then TAB to and press ENTER on "OK" the document on screen will be formatted for you in accordance with the AutoFormat options checked on in the "Options" dialogue box. ******** 21.1. AutoText AutoText is similar to the old DOS WordPerfect macros. Items regularly typed into documents can be automatically generated and inserted, such as your address, Yours sincerely, J. Wilson, etc. Before you start, you should put all required attributes into your document such as bold, larger print size, etc, then type the text you require as normal, ending up with the required number of blank lines after the text and, if appropriate, a CONTROL L to left align, CONTROL E to centre, etc. What you then do is: 1. Highlight everything by pressing CONTROL A. 2. You then save this formatted document as AutoText by pressing ALT F3. 3. Next you give the autotext document a unique filename, e.g. "address" or just "ad". 4. To retrieve this AutoText file, with a blank document screen, type the filename onto the blank screen, e.g. "ad", press F3 and the contents of the AutoText file will appear on the screen ready for you to continue typing. You can also use the Insert menu method of ALT I, A, to enter the AutoText dialogue. In here you can select from many choices for such as salutations, complimentary closes, attention lines, etc, and press ENTER on any of them to get them inserted into your document at the cursor point. If your AutoText file contains blank lines for you to insert additional information, such as the recipient's address, do not move from line to line with the ENTER key, rather use the up and down curser keys. To edit an AutoText file, bring it to the screen, make any alterations as usual, press CONTROL A to highlight it, then press ALT F3. You will be asked for a filename, so enter the original name and press y for yes when asked if you want to redefine the AutoText entry. In Word 97 and 2000, to delete an AutoText entry, press ALT I, A, and CONTROL TAB to the "AutoText" dialogue or property sheet if you are not already on it. In later versions of Word, press ALT I, A and then X. Then type in your required AutoText filename and it will be found. You then press ALT D or TAB to the delete button and press ENTER. ******** 22.1. AutoCorrect Word has its own database of commonly misspelled (or mistyped) words, such as 'adn' (and) and 'teh' (the), which, if AutoCorrect is turned on, Word will correct as you type. You can also add your own commonly misspelled words to this list of corrections. You can access this AutoCorrect feature by pressing ALT T (for Tools) and then A (for AutoCorrect). If you TAB through the options in this dialogue, you can elect to have missing capitals at the beginning of sentences automatically entered by Word, inadvertently leaving the caps lock on corrected, etc. Another use that AutoCorrect can be put to is to replace short forms with the standard fully typed phrase. For example, if you insert jw as if it were a misspelled word and set it up to replace any occurrence of jw with John Wilson this will be an automatic time-saver. You do this by: 1. Press ALT T and then A. 2. Type in the editfield you are now in "jw". 3. TAB to the next textbox and type in here the replacement string, e.g. "John Wilson", and press ENTER twice. 4. Now test this by simply typing jw into a document and pressing SPACEBAR or ENTER to move on and see what happens. To remove the above AutoCorrect entry, use ALT T, A, type in jw and press ALT D and then ENTER. ******** 23.1. AutoSummarise This feature will automatically summarise the key points in a well- structured and lengthy document, such as reports, articles and scientific papers, as well as internet documents. You tell it what percentage of the report to display and it highlights that percentage of the report by seeking out sentences which appear most frequently in the document. This can be a general time saver for busy people or the best way to scan through a document prior to going into a meeting if you simply do not have enough time before the meeting to read the whole thing. To use AutoSummarise, with your document on screen: 1. Press ALT T and then U. 2. You will drop into the 'Type of Summary' box, so ARROW down once to 'Create', TAB once to 'Per Cent of Original' and ARROW up or down to the percentage of detail you would like, e.g. 25, 50 or 75 per cent of the original amount of text. in Word 2002 and 2003, the percentage and types of summary you can select from are more varied. 3. Then TAB to OK and press ENTER. Immediately another document screen will be opened for you with a copy of the summary open in it for you to peruse. You can toggle between the current summarise document window and the original full document by pressing CONTROL F6. ******** 24.1. Setting out Text in Columns You can create columns of text with tabstops or tables. 24.2. Tabstops To create two columns using a tabstop, for instance, column one consisting of 4 characters with a 5 or 6 space build up (gap) between the columns (take account of the size of the font you are using, e.g. 12 point text takes up 6 to 7 characters per inch and 10 point takes up around 9 to 10 characters per inch) and with the rest of the page left for entering varying amounts of text, you would set the first (and only) tabstop at around 1.25 inches or 3 centimetres from the left margin. Remember that an A4 sheet can hold about 6.5 inches or 16 centimetres of text across the page and that the default right and left margins in Word are set at 1.25 inches . For example, to do this: 1. Use ALT O (for format) and then T (for Tabs). 2. Now clear the current default half inch tabstops by pressing ALT A. You will still be in an editbox called 'Tabstop Position', so type 1.25 for 1 and a quarter inches and press ALT S (for set). Column two will therefore be left aligned at this tabstop. 3. If you want more tabstops, enter their positions at this point and press ALT S after each. 4. If you TAB twice you can then ARROW up or down choices of having your text or figures left aligned, right aligned, centred, figures aligned on a decimal point, etc. 5. Lastly, TAB to and press ENTER on "OK" to finish. 24.3. Leader Dots Between Columns Another feature you can enable in the above tabstop dialogue by TABBING once from the alignment choices in step 4 above is to select either 'None' meaning nothing between columns, ... meaning leader dots between columns, --- meaning dashes between columns and ___ meaning a row of underscores spanning the otherwise blank space between columns. Remember that your screenreader may have a hot key for toggling on and off column detection mode, e.g. CONTROL 9 (on the main keyboard) in HAL. This will switch between viewing columns as they appear normally and viewing them as a single column with column 2 being underneath column 1, column 3 under column 2, etc. ******** 25.1. Creating, formatting, using formulae in and Entering Text in Tables Word has an ability to create tables which you can then use in several ways, e.g. simply to type blocks of text vertically underneath one another, to place related blocks of text horizontally across a page, to use as a rudimentary spreadsheet and enter formulae in to automate calculations, etc. 25.2. Table Navigation Shortcut Keystrokes As the below table shortcuts will greatly simplify and speed up your movement in tables, it is recommended that you learn most of them before working in tables. To navigate around a table on screen use: up and down ARROWs: to move through rows. left and right ARROWs: to move a letter at a time. CONTROL left and right ARROWs: to move a word at a time. Tab and SHIFT TAB: will move you forward and backwards through the cells one at a time respectively. CONTROL HOME: to go to row one column one (when the table is the only thing in the document). CONTROL END: to the last cell in the table. ALT HOME: To take you to the first cell in the current row. ALT END: To take you to the last cell in the current row. ALT down ARROW: to take you to the first cell in the table (if the table is embedded within other text in the document). ALT PAGE up: to go to the first entry in your current column. ALT PAGE down: to go to the last entry in the column you are currently In. 25.3. Highlighting Table Components It will also stand you in good stead if you learn some of the undermentioned highlighting techniques used from the keyboard in Word tables. To select/highlight table components: To highlight the contents of the next cell: press the TAB key. To highlight the contents of the previous cell: press SHIFT TAB. To highlight several cells at once: press SHIFT left or right ARROW as many times as necessary. To highlight several rows at once: press SHIFT up or down ARROW as many times as necessary. To highlight the whole table: press ALT 5 (on the numeric keypad) (you may have to turn the Numpad number lock off first). 25.4. Default Table characteristics in tables you do not have to consider lengths of columns as they will automatically wrap to the next line within their allotted column width. By default, the columns will be of equal width with an equal space between each, unless you change this. 25.5. Creating a Table and Moving Around in it To create a table: 1. With your cursor at the place where you want the table to appear, press ALT A (for Table) and then I (for Insert), then press ENTER. 2. You fall in the "Columns" editfield, where the default number of columns is 5, so change this to what you want by pressing BACKSPACE once and then typing the new figure in or by ARROWING up and down the list of numbers. 3. TAB to the number of rows editfield and replace the default of 2 with the number you require (but this is not too important because if you end up needing more rows than you have indicated here you can still automatically add them as you go). 4. The next TAB control is to do with column widths and is likely to be on "Fixed Column Width", which means that Word will always generate fixed column widths and apply columns of equal width. If you ARROW to "Auto Fit to Contents" you will be telling Word to automatically adjust the widths of the columns in relation to the amount of text you type into them, thus making them grow the more you type. The third choice of "Auto Fix to Window" will ensure that if a Web browser window changes so too will the size of the table to fit within it correctly. 5. By TABBING to the next spinbox, you will be on "Auto" which means that Word will automatically determine the widths of columns and make them equal in width.If you either type a new column width into this editfield or ARROW up in it, you can change the column widths to your requirements. 6. Depending on the version of Word you are using, you may be able to TAB to an "AutoFormat" button to activate to have a set of automatic formatting options applied to your table, such as borders and shading. 7. In Word 2002 and 2003, there is a "Remember Dimensions for New Tables" option you can press SPACEBAR on to check on if you would like Word to always open table grids with the same column and row structure which you have just defined. This is a "Set as Default for New Tables" button in Word 97 and 2000. 8. After TABBING to "OK" and pressing ENTER you will be left with a grid on the screen, say, four columns wide and six rows deep. After making the above selections, you will be in column one row one by default. Pressing TAB takes you to row one column 2, etc. When in the last column of a particular row, if you press tab, you will be taken to the next row in column one (do not press ENTER to get there). If you want this to be a blank row after the headings, just press down ARROW to go to column 1 row 3. Never press ENTER to move down a row. If you are in the last cell of the table, e.g row 6 column 4, and you decide you want another row, just press TAB and you will go to row 7 column one and can continue in this way, if you like, with the table expanding in rows as you go. 25.6. Inserting Formatting Attributes into a Table's Text When entering headings or text into a table's cells, you can employ any of the normal text attribute commands, such as CONTROL E (centre), CONTROL R (right align), CONTROL L (left align), CONTROL B (bold), change the font type/size, etc. If your table already has text in it, you can format it, for example, by highlighting a heading or several headings and pressing CONTROL E to centre the heading(s). If you want to centre the table on the page, with the cursor in the table, press ALT A (for Tables) and then R (for Properties), and then TAB to a list you can ARROW up and down in with options of "Left", "Right" and "Centre", so leave the focus on "Centre", TAB to "OK" and press ENTER. At the same time you could have activated a "Borders" or "Borders and Shading" button and chosen to give the table a specific border line type around its edges (see Section 43 for what you can do with borders and shading). To complete an empty table, you just type the text you want into each cell (it will wrap to the next line automatically) and press TAB to move to the next cell to type the necessary text in there and keep moving through the table in this way until all cells have been completed. If you have created a table which will print onto more than one page and you want the left-hand row headings to re-print on all pages, highlight the rows which contain the headings and press ALT A, H. After your table is finished, save it to disk in the normal way (ALT F, A or CONTROL S) and give it a filename. You can then print it out if you wish with CONTROL P. To make uneven table rows and/or columns even in depth and width, first highlight the whole table (ALT NumPad 5), and then press ALT A, A, and then ARROW to either "Distribute Rows Evenly" or "Distribute Columns Evenly" and press ENTER. 25.7. Merging and Splitting Table Cells To merge two or more cells together, for such as placing a single heading over two columns, highlight the cells, then press ALT A, M, and press ENTER. To split a cell into two or more cells, with the cursor in the cell in question, press ALT A, P, and then in the "Number of columns" field type in the number of columns you want the cell to split into (the default is 2) and then TAB and type n the number of rows you want the cell to be split into and press ENTER. So, if you had selected 2 for both number of columns and number of rows, your single cell would have been split into a block of four cells two wide and two deep. 25.8. Performing Calculations in a Table To perform a calculation in a table: 1. Place the cursor in the cell you want the calculated figure to be entered in and press ALT A (for Table) and then O (for Formula). 2. Note that the "Formula" field you come into is completed with the = sign, which means that if you accept this the calculation will be a total of the figures in the column above it. 3. TAB to "Number Format" and ARROW up and down to discover the different formats you can select, e.g. straight numbers, numbers preceded with a pound sign, numbers followed by a per cent sign, etc. 4. to change the type of calculator, TAB to the "Paste Function" list and ARROW to the formula/type of calculation you require, e.g. max, average, count, etc. You can quickly jump to a calculator by pressing its first letter, e.g. press S to go straight to Sign and S again to go to Sum. 5. Then TAB to "OK" and press ENTER to insert the formula into the cell with the cursor in it. 6. You will now be able to observe both the formula and the completed calculation in this same cell. If you want to insert another row between existing rows, put the cursor on the row you want to have moved down and use ALT A, I, and you will then have a blank row ready for typing. 25.9. Inserting Blank Columns and Rows into a Table and Deleting Columns and Rows To insert another column between columns two and three go to the top of column 3, Press ALT A, go to insert cells, and ARROW to insert entire collum and press ENTER. Remember, that any of the cells may have wrapped onto more than one line, so when filling in a newly created column you may have to skip some (wrapped) lines. To delete a row move to that row, press ALT A, D, ARROW to entire row and press ENTER. 25.10. Sorting Text in Tables You can sort text alphabetically in a column. If column one contains a list of surnames out of alphabetical order you would put focus on this column, press ALT A, S and ENTER. To sort by number do the same and choose ascending or descending order. This will assume that the first cell in the column is a heading which you wish not to have sorted, but if you do want to have the first cell in the column sorted with the rest you would SHIFT TAB back to "Header Row" and then ARROW down to "No Header Row" before pressing ENTER to start the sort. 25.11. Printing Tables in Landscape If you wish to insert your paper vertically, as normal, but print your table in landscape (longways) orientation, you can do this. However, you must ensure that you change the paper orientation from portrait to landscape first, as directed in Section 14, paragraph 3. 25.12. Converting Tables to Paragraph format and Vice Versa If areas of a document have been uniformly separated by unique markers such as tabs or paragraphs, You can convert the document into a table. Conversely, you can convert a table into other text formats, such as paragraphs, tab divided sections, comma separated values, etc. For instance, with a table on screen, highlight it all with ALT Numpad 5 or CONTROL A and then press ALT A, V, and then ARROW to and press ENTER on either "Text to Table" or "Table to Text". 25.13. Automatic Table Formatting If you would like to take the easy way out, you can always get Word to automatically format a table for you. With the table open on screen, press ALT A, F. You can now TAB through the dialogue you are in and view the sorts of formatting which will take place, e.g. borders will be generated, shading will be included, colours will be used, etc, unless you press SPACEBAR on any of these to turn that particular formatting feature off. The first list you come into here allows you to ARROW down many styles of formatting, such as Simple 1, Classic 2, Colourful, Grid 1, etc. One of the "Grid" options will ensure that your table not only has a border around its exterior but also thinner grid lines between all of its cells, separating them all from one another. With Word 2003, the above table choices are slightly different because you get two lists to ARROW up and down in to select from such as "All Table Styles", "Table Styles in Use" and "User- Defined Table Styles". It depends on which of these first three choices you ARROW to as to what is available in the next listbox, e.g. If you select All Table Styles, you will have many table styles to select from but if you select User-defined Table styles, there may be nothing available in the next listbox if you have not created any table styles yourself and saved them. Note: If you choose to use "Autoformat" in this way, any formatting you may have already entered into the table yourself will be removed and overwritten. You can also do some of these table manipulations in the table's context menu, by pressing SHIFT F10 with the cursor at the specific place in the table where you want the change to occur. Remember, your screen reader may have column and/or row reading facilities, e.g. HAL has CONTROL 9 (on the main keyboard). 25.14. Creating a Simple Chart from Table Data You can either use an existing two columnar table and convert this to a chart with Word or you can create the two columnar table yourself and then convert it. For example, to create the table and then convert it to a chart: 1. With a blank word document open, press ALT A (for Table). 2. Press I (for Insert) and then press ENTER twice. 3. Type "2" in the number of columns field. 4. TAB once and type "6" in here to allow for six table/chart entries. 5. Now TAB to "Autofit Behaviour" and then ARROW down to "Autofit" or "Autofit to Contents" and TAB to "OK" and press ENTER. 6. The table grid will now be on-screen for you. You now type your text into both the left and right columns. The left column will represent your Y axis and the right column your Z axis. So, for instance, type: A. You will be in cell 1 (column 1, row 1), so type the heading of "Company Branch". B. TAB once to cell 2 (column 2, row 1) and type in here the second column heading of "Percentage Profits". C. TAB once again and you will move down to the first cell in row 2, right underneath your left column heading. Type in here "Leeds" and then press TAB to column 2 and type "40". D. TAB once to column 1, row 3 and type London" and then TAB to column 2 and type "36". E. TAB once again and in Column 1 type "Manchester" and then TAB again and type "35". F. TAB once again to column 1 and type "Birmingham" and TAB again to column 2 and type "33". 7. Now, having created your table data to convert to a chart, highlight the table by pressing CONTROL A and then press ALT I (for Insert) and down ARROW to "Object" and press ENTER. 8. In the list you will be in, ARROW down to "Microsoft Graph Chart" and press ENTER. You will now have on your screen both the table you created and now also the chart which has just been created from the table for quick and easy viewing of trends, etc, visually at a glance. This will be a basic columnar/bar chart. However, your screenreader may only be able to "see" the table information and not the chart itself. If the Main menu bar which now appears at the top of the screen now contains a "Chart" menu, you will know that you have succeeded in creating the chart because this menu option would not be there otherwise. You can change the above bar chart to another type of chart if you like by: A. Highlight the chart by pressing CONTROL A and then press ALT C to open the Chart menu and press ENTER. B. Now down ARROW to select the type of chart you would like to have displayed, e.g. a line chart, pie chart, etc, and press ENTER. Note: A small chart will fit onto the screen OK but you may find that a large chart does not fit on screen and some of the information may be omitted. To resize the screen to hold a whole chart if it is too big you may have to go to the bottom of the chart and drag its bottom down to make its display area bigger. However, with a screenreader, you may not be able to do this without sighted help using a mouse. ******** 26.1. Paragraph formatting Word, by default (its standard way of doing things), creates blocked paragraphs from the left-hand margin. To indent a whole document from the left margin by half an inch from its current position you would press CONTROL M before starting to type. Two presses of CONTROL M will indent 1 inch, etc. Use CONTROL SHIFT M to move backwards by half an inch at a time. With text already typed which you want to indent a further half inch, put your cursor in a particular paragraph and do CONTROL M. Use CONTROL A followed by CONTROL M to indent a whole existing document. Note that Window-Eyes users will have to press INSERT B before pressing CONTROL SHIFT M, as the Window- Eyes speak marked text hot key clashes with the Word indent shortcut. There is no shortcut key to have the right side indented. You have to use ALT O, P, and make a manual change in the "Right" spinbox by ARROWING up to 0.5 (for half an inch indent), after first highlighting the text. To create a half inch indent on the first line of each paragraph only, use ALT O, P, press ALT S, and the default is 'none', so ARROW down to 'First lien indented'. If you ARROW down further you will be on the hanging paragraph option. The shortcut to create hanging paragraphs is CONTROL T. This is good for left-hand margin paragraph numbering, e.g. you can then type 1. (automatically leave three spaces) and then commence the first line of your first paragraph, so that all other lines then start under the first word of the first line with the numbers protruding out half an inch to the left. You can also make a range of different types of indents via ALT O (for format) and P (for Paragraphs), if you wish. To view the current type of indent and how far it is indented press ALT O,P, and then TAB down the various controls and current paragraphing information indicators. Make any paragraph style and indent changes you would like. SHIFT TABBING back several times takes you to the "Tabs" button which, if pressed, opens a dialogue box to let you view the current regular tab stop points and clear them and enter new ones if you like. ******** 27.1. Newspaper Columns To split an article on screen into newspaper columns, highlight it with CONTROL A, press ALT o (for Format) and then C (for Columns), enter in the editfield you come into how many columns you want, e.g. 2, and press ENTER. You will now have two equal width columns with a half inch space between them but this gap can be altered in the above dialogue box. Depending on your version of Word, you can elect to change the width of columns and you can also choose to have a line placed between each column. ******** 28.1. Word Count To activate word count and ascertain the number of words in a document on screen, use ALT T (for Tools) and then W (for Word Count), but you will probably only be able to read the figures in navigation or mouse mode. ******** 29.1. Setting Up and Printing Envelopes To address an envelope when you already have your default envelope options and printing options set up correctly: 1. In Word 97 and 2000, press ALT T (for Tools) and then E (for Envelopes and Labels). In Word 2002 and 2003, press ALT T, E, and then E again. You will now be in the 'delivery' box, although your screenreader may not advise you of this, so type in the recipient's address as normal, pressing ENTER for each new line of the address. 2. then TAB to 'omit' and check this by pressing the SPACEBAR if you do not want to include a return address. 3. You can also tab once more to an address book, if you have these details entered into one, and select a return address for the letter if it fails to be delivered, or you can TAB again and then type your return address in the editfield provided. 4. At this stage you can either TAB to print and press ENTER to produce the printed envelope or, instead, if you have no printer connected to this computer or simply want to do the printing on another printer elsewhere, you can continue as directed below if you like. A. If you wish, with your letter on the screen, before printing the envelope as above, you can TAB to and press ENTER on 'Add to Document', which will cause the delivery address to be appended to the bottom of your document/letter. This has the effect of allowing you to save the address with the document (at the bottom)) so that if you have no printer on this computer and want to print out the envelope followed by the letter later, all the information is stored in the document. The document could now be copied to a floppy disk and taken elsewhere for printing. B. When you put your floppy disk in the new computer, with the document on the screen in Word 97/2000, you would press CONTROL P, with the enve lope in the out tray, and after this has gone through and been printed, a sheet of paper will be picked up for immediate printing of the letter to go in the envelope. 29.2. Envelope and Printing Options When in the above main envelopes dialogue box, the 'Options' button, if you press ENTER on it, takes you to an envelopes options and printing options sub-dialogue with a double property sheet. You will have to ensure that your envelope and printing options are set up correctly for your particular make and model of printer and the type and size of envelopes you want to use before starting to print as directed in the last sub-section. 1. With the "Envelopes Options" sheet you can do things like ARROW to and choose the size of envelope, e.g. size 10 is for envelopes which are 4 1/8 deep and 9 1/2 inches wide and is the typical type of size envelope you would use for A4 sized paper which is to be folded in three before inserting it into the envelope. If none of the listed envelopes is suitable in size, you can define your own envelope size and where the address should be centred by ARROWING to the bottom of the envelopes list, to "Custom Size" and then TABBING to several controls and entering your own measurements, firstly for the delivery address and then for the return address. You will also be able to select font types and sizes for your custom created envelope templates. By using the delivery address font button, which is the first of two font buttons, you can choose from the normal list of fonts, same with point size, bold, etc, if you like; otherwise the font type and size will be your computer's default setting or the same as any used in an address book or address list if you took it from one of these. for example, for easy visibility, you may wish to set your envelopes to arial 14 point bold and fully capitalised. 2. Pressing CONTROL TAB now takes you to the second property sheet in this sub-dialogue box, which is the "Printing Options" sheet. By TABBING through the options in this sheet and ARROWING up and down some of the choices you can select if your envelope is to be placed in your printer's envelope tray face up or face down, how the envelope is to be rotated to accept where the return address, addressee's address and stamp are to go, etc. One thing to be aware of is that, when you first TAB on once from the "Printing Options" property sheet heading, you will fall on one of six numbers, which are numbers 1 to 6. ARROWING up and down changes these numbers but you will receive no audible indication of what they mean. In fact, they are to select which way your envelope is to be inserted into your printer and there are pictures on screen clarifying these six different envelope orientation insert options. They are as follows: option 1 is for envelopes which are to be fed into the printer at the top left- hand corner with the envelope orientated in a landscape fashion, i.e. the long edge is running left to right; option 2 is also for landscape insertion but with the envelope in the centre of the printer's feed tray; option 3 is for landscape feeding but with the envelope to the right of the feed tray; option 4 is for portrait feeding, i.e. the envelope is to be taken into the printer narrowways on at the left-hand side of the printer tray; option 5 is for portrait feeding in the centre of the printer tray; and option 6 is for portrait feeding at the right edge of the tray. The "Face Up" and "Face Down" options are to tell the printer that you are to print on the envelope on the side currently facing you in the former option and to tell it to print on the underside of the envelope if your particular printer prints in this way, injecting its ink from the back to the front. The "Clockwise Rotation", if your printer supports this, is to opt to reverse the places where your addresses would print and your stamp would be affixed if you wish. Which of these various options you would choose, of course, depends very much on the type and make of printer you are using, e.g. with Hewlett-Packard Deskjet inkjet printers, which utilise a paper tray at the front of the printer and take the envelope around a platen and spit it out at the front again on top of the paper tray, you would normally choose option 4 as you would insert an envelope into the printer at the left-hand side narrowways on (portrait) with its side to be printed on face down with clockwise rotation checked on, which would give you an envelope with the return address (if you have elected to have one) at the top left corner of the envelope, the main addressee's delivery address in the main envelope middle and leaving a blank at the top right side where you would affix your stamp. 3. After making your selections in the above two property sheets, TAB to "OK" and press ENTER to return to the main envelopes dialogue. If you want any of these changes to hold for future envelope printing sessions, you should press ENTER on the 'default' button before the "OK" button if your version of Word has one. 4. After making any of the above changes and selections, you then TAB to the print button and press ENTER or just press ALT p. 29.3. Alternative Envelope Addressing Methods As an alternative to addressing your envelope as described in the last sub-section, you can have your delivery and return addresses automatically copied into the appropriate boxes by opening an existing address file or book, highlighting the address, press ALT T, E, (E again in Word 2002 and 2003) and as soon as the envelopes dialogue comes up the selected delivery address will appear in the delivery editfield. You can then TAB to print and press ENTER. Another alternative for printing a single envelope in Word 202 and 2003 (which can be slightly adapted to work in Word 97 or 2000) is to either: 1. highlight the address you want to send the envelope to on your typed letter or, if you are addressing an envelope which you have not written a letter for, just type your address on a blank document screen as you want it to appear on the envelope. 2. Then Press ALT T followed by e (and E again in Word 2002 and 2003) to open the Envelopes and Labels Wizard. 3. You should now be in the "Delivery Address" editfield with your address automatically pasted into the field for you. 4. TAB to "Print" and press ENTER. ******** 30.1. Creating and Printing Labels First-time users of the labels feature will initially have to define the size of the labels that they wish to use and you can define several default sizes. 30.2. Printing the same Address on all Labels on a Sheet or Single Labels You would define, create and print labels by: 1. In Word 97 and 200, press ALT T (for Tools) and then E (for Envelopes and Labels). You would use ALT T, E and E again in Word 2002 and 2003. 2. Then press ALT L to the labels property sheet if you are not already on it. 3. You will land in (or may have to TAB once or twice to) the delivery address editfield where you type your recipient's address or any other required label contents as you would like them to appear on the label. These can be address labels, floppy disk labels, cassette labels, etc. 4. As with envelopes in the previous section, an alternative method of completing a label is to go to an address book, select the address, open this same dialogue with ALT t,E, and the address will be pasted into the delivery box automatically. 5. After completing the delivery address field you TAB to the 'print full page of the same Label" or 'Print single label' list to ARROW up and down in. A. If you put focus on "single label" you will automatically be in the place to print the first label on a defined sheet, in row 1 column 1. If you now TAB again you will be on the "Print Row" spinbox which you can either ARROW up in to leave focus on the row your next available label is on or you can just type in the figure of the relevant row. Next TAB to "Print Column" and ARROW up to select the appropriate column which the next available label is also in. For example, if your sheet of labels is three labels wide and 10 labels deep and the next free label is the last label in row 4, you would place the row figure on 4 and the collum figure on 3. B. If you leave focus on "Print Full Page of the same Label", you just TAB to "Print" and press ENTER to get all labels on the sheet completed and printed with the same address. 6. Whichever way you complete your labels, you then just TAB to and press ENTER on the "print" button. If the address does not fall in the correct place on the labels, see "Changing Printer Paper Size for Labels" just below for what might be the problem and also ensure that you are inserting your sheet of labels into the printer very accurately, particularly with small labels such as those on a sheet three wide and 10 deep. However, before you can accurately print single or multiple labels, you may first need to go to the "Options" button (ALT O activates it as well) in the above dialogue box and press ENTER to obtain a list of different label makes and types, as you have to specify the kind of label sheets you are using for this to work correctly. The labels list also contains the labels "Product Number" so you can select and then buy the correct make and size of labels. The "Details" button lets you view the width and hight of the labels on a particular sheet and how many labels wide and deep it contains. The "Label Products" list you can ARROW up and down in holds the list of label makes available, which in turn alters the list of individual label sheets and numbers. Such label makes as Avery Standard, Devauzet and Formtec can be found within the Label Products list. You can also select your type of printer, e.g. laser, dot matrix, etc, within Options, which in turn also alters the list of available labels. If you have labels but not precisely any of those listed, you can also use the "Details" button within Options to see the dimensions of the individual labels on the highlighted labels sheet to check if it is suitable. 30.3. Simultaneously printing Labels with Different Addresses on the same Sheet If you do not have an Address Book set up already from which to generate mass label printing, such as is possible with MS Access, and are disinclined to take the time and effort to do this, you may find the below limited method of mass label generation a useful compromise. You could set up any number of the undermentioned multiple label templates. If you have a sheet of labels and want a different address on each: 1. Go to print full sheet of the same label in the procedure shown in sub-section 5.B. above, but with no address in the delivery field, then TAB to options and press ENTER or use the accelerator keystroke of ALT O. 2. ARROW down the list of labels you will now be in, leave focus on the type of labels you wish to use, e.g. "8930 - Address", from the Avery Standard make and press ENTER on OK, when you will be set up to print 30 labels of one inch in depth and just over 2.6 inches wide for a laser or inkjet printer. This label selection will henceforth become your default unless you change it, so once done this step can in future be skipped. You will, of course, have to select the type of labels you can easily obtain, which might not be those given as the example here. There are many makers of cheaper labels which are produced to the same sizes and general specifications of famous named labels which you may be able to buy from stationers and computer fairs. 3. You then TAB to "New Document" and press ENTER (or press ALT D) and you will be in the top left-hand cell/label in row 1 column 1. You then type the address you want on that label, press tab twice to move to label 2, in row 1 column 3, enter the second address, press tab twice to row 1 column 5, etc. You will be taken from row 1 to row 2 automatically, as in normal tables, with a press of the TAB key at this stage. The usual tables navigation keys work in the label grid (see above instructions on tables in Section 25. Clarification note: When creating multiple labels with different addresses, if you select a sheet of labels, say, three labels wide and 10 labels deep, you will actually be in a grid which is five columns wide. This is because the build-up or gaps between the cells/columns are seen as cells as well. Therefore, you will have to TAB past the gaps between the actual label cells to ensure that you are on the correct cell to type in the next address, e.g. you would type an address in row 1 column 1 (which is cell/label 1), then TAB twice to pass cell 2 (the gap) to cell/label 3, type the second address in here, TAB twice past cell 4 and type the last address in this row in cell/label 5. Another press of TAB will take you to row 2 column 1, which will be the first cell/label on the next row. Continue in this way. 4. When finished press CONTROL P and then ENTER to print). As labels can be difficult to set-up without being able to see the screen or the result of a test print, it is worth saving your normal (blank) label grid configuration to a template for future reloading with ALT F, A, type in the filename you want, TAB to "Files of Type" and then press D to highlight "Document Template "*.DOC) and press ENTER. If your labels are not on the provided list within Options, you can create your own label template of specific dimensions by going into the options TAB to the new label button, entering in your preference for a label/template name, e.g. "Johns Small Labels", and then by entering in the various boxes your measurements for your labels. A label's vertical pitch is the distance between the top of one label and the top of the next label. Same for horizontal pitch but sideways. Ensure that you leave return label addresses unchecked unless you want to also provide your return address on the label as well. In this case, of course, you will need to ensure that the labels you buy are large enough to take two addresses - the 30 label sheets mentioned above certainly would not be large enough. 30.4. Saving Whole sheets of Differently Address Labels to a Template for Repeated Use If, either before you print out labels as in the last sub-section or straight afterwards, you would like to save the whole sheet of addresses so that you can retrieve it at a later date to again print out the exact same addresses on the same size sheet of labels for mailing to the same recipients, you can do this by first saving the label grid (press CONTROL S) to a filename, such as "customers1.doc", and then open it again later to regenerate the same labels. You would open the labels sheet with the same addresses by pressing CONTROL O (for open) at step 3 above, after pressing ENTER on "New Document", then key in your labels sheet filename (customers1.doc in this instance) and press ENTER to open it, Then press CONTROL P to reprint them. This labels template saving procedure could be of particular use at times like sending Christmas cards, business letters, party invitations, wedding and christening invitations, etc. To summaries, the sequence of keystrokes to open and reprint a whole saved sheet of different addresses with the filename customers1.doc is: In Word 97 and 2000, press ALT T, E, ALT L, ALT D, CONTROL O, type in customer1.doc, press ENTER and lastly press CONTROL P followed by ENTER to print. In Word 2002 and 2003, press ALT T, E, E, ALT L, ALT D, CONTROL O, type in customer1.doc, press ENTER and lastly press CONTROL P followed by ENTER to print. 30.5. Changing Printer Paper Size for Labels Please note that if you have everything set up to print labels correctly but the addresses still do not print accurately on the labels, or if you encounter a warning that the labels you have selected are not compatible with the papa size you are set up to use, it may be that you do not have the correct size of paper defined in your printer set up. By default, Word installs using the American letter size of paper but UK paper sizes are slightly different. You will therefore have to enter your printer set-up and change the paper size. With Windows operating systems before Windows XP, do this by: 1. Enter the Control Panel by pressing Windows key, then S, then C. 2. Press P until "Printers" is highlighted and then press ENTER. 3. You should land on the "Add Printer" option or on a list of printers, so use your right or down ARROW key to put focus on your printer driver, e.g. it will be something like Panasonic KX/P2023 or something similar reflecting the name of the laser, dot matrix or inkjet printer you use for printing out your documents. Then press ENTER. 4. Your screen reader may echo nothing at this stage but you can press ALT to get into your printer menus now, so do so. Then ARROW down the menu you will be in to "Properties" and press ENTER. 5. If you are now not in the "Details" property sheet, press CONTROL TAB to get there. 6. Now TAB to "Setup" and press ENTER to eventually reach the paper, etc, set-up dialogue. If there is no Setup button, you can get to this paper set-up sub-dialogue by CONTROL TABBING to it. 7. You should come straight on to the paper size list and if you are American ensure that "Letter" is selected and if from the UK ensure that "A4" is highlighted. 8. Lastly, leave these several dialogues by pressing ENTER on "OK" twice to leave the first two and then ALT F4 three times to leave the other dialogues and the Control Panel. With Windows XP, you will need to select the size of paper during the installation of your printer software or during the Windows plug-and-play procedure when your printer is being recognised by Windows. ******** 31.1. Creating a Selection of Formatted Letters with the Word Letter Wizard You can type a plainly formatted letter and then have given letter styles and formatting attributes applied to it with the Letter Wizard, e.g. have it automatically formatted as an "Elegant" letter, a Normal" letter, have the date inserted, etc. Do this by: 1. Type your letter in a simple blocked format at the left-hand margin as normal and spell-check it. 2. In Word 97 and 2000, press ALT T, then Z. In Word 2002 and 2003, press ALT T, E and then Z. 3. You will fall in the "Letter Format" property sheet on the "Date Line" field and, if you press SPACEBAR to check this, then TAB once you can ARROW up and down a list of date styles to have automatically inserted into your letter at the top. 4. Now TAB to "Choose a Page Design" and either keep current if you want to keep your blocked style or ARROW to another page style, such as "Contemporary Letter", "Elegant Letter", "Normal" or "Professional Letter". 5. Then TAB to "Choose a letter style" and select from "Full Block", "Modified Block" or "Semi-Block". 6. Lastly, TAB to "Pre-Printed Letterhead" and leave this unchecked if your using plain paper. If you are using paper with your company's address already printed on it or some form of company logo, etc, press SPACEBAR to select this. Then TAB and ARROW to "At the Top", "At the Left", etc, and select where your letterhead is printed. TAB to a spinbox and ARROW up or down to the size of space you need to leave so that the letterhead is not over-written, e.g. ARROW up from 1 inch to 2 inches if this is sufficient room to allow. 7. TAB to "OK" and press ENTER to complete the process. Your letter will now have had tab and other fields placed in it for printing as formatted. So, depending on which style of letter you chose, such things as the recipient's address will have been moved to the right, the date and complimentary close will have been move to, say, the middle of the page, first lines of paragraphs may have been indented, etc. Note: If, before pressing ENTER on "OK", you wish to have other information attributed to this letter/recipient or other commands carried out, you will find that there are other property sheets in here to automatically create envelopes, complete Address Book details, complete salutations and complimentary closes, etc, so CONTROL TAB through these and complete details if you want to take advantage of these facilities (See Section 29 to get an idea of what is required). When you write a letter to this same person again you will be able to choose from a list of previous letter recipients to get the details completed automatically for you. It must be said, though, that this multipage property sheet is a little volatile and keeping focus on elements and switching between individual sheets with a screenreader can be a little frustrating. ******** 32.1. Customising Word Word has an array of features which you can customise to your own liking. 32.2. Creating Your Own Keyboard Shortcuts or Changing Existing Shortcuts You can allocate shortcut key combinations to events such as macros, special symbols, AutoText entries and commands in general. To customise the word keyboard in order to change current keyboard shortcuts or create new ones of your own: 1. Press ALT T (for Tools) and then C (for Customise), and CONTROL TAB to the commands property sheet. 2. Now TAB to keyboard and press ENTER. You will come into a listbox of categories which is a list of the menu headings on the Word menu bar plus some extras. These contain all the commands used within MS Word and stored in the normal.dot template. 3. For example, if you have 'File' selected and you TAB to the next box you will be presented with all of the keyboard commands relating to the file menu. For instance, if you ARROW down several times you will reach 'File save as' and F12 will be shown as the shortcut keystroke. Tabbing again shows all keystrokes which are assigned to file save as, in this case only F12. You may have to press your screenreader's read current line hot key to get the shortcut key read to you. 4. If you do decide to remap File save as from F12 to, say, F10, you would SHIFT TAB back (from the above position) to the press new shortcut key button, press the F10 key, then press ENTER. 5. You then have to TAB to and press ENTER on "OK" and then on the next "Close" button to finish. Note: In addition to using the above ALT T, C, property sheet to change shortcut keys, you could also enter this dialogue box to learn all Word's shortcut keys but I have listed them in Appendix 1 for you. Another (quicker) way to create toolbar or menu option shortcuts in Word (which will not affect the current Word shortcuts) is: 1. With Word running, press ALT CONTROL and tap the + (plus) key on the numeric keypad with the numlock off. 2. Activate any Toolbar button or menu item by going to it and pressing ENTER (you may have to achieve this with some Toolbar buttons via your navigation or mouse mode and double click your screenreader's left mouse simulation key). 3. The "Keyboard Customise" dialogue box will open up and you will be in an editfield. Type in here any shortcut key combination, e.g. Press SHIFT ALT P. 4. TAB to the "Assign" button and press ENTER. 5. Now TAB to the "Close" button and press ENTER. This will assign the above key combination to the Toolbar button or menu item. 6. When you want to quickly activate this Toolbar button or menu item, just press the allocated shortcut key combination, namely SHIFT ALT P in this example. This feature can make the process of locating and activating Toolbar buttons which do not have equivalent menu item options or built-in hot keys of their own much quicker and easier to achieve. 32.3. Modifying Word's Options Note: For more of these, see "Speech-Friendly Word Adjustments" in Section 1. To enter the Tools, Options set of property sheets, press ALT T, O, and then move around with CONTROL TAB, TAB and up and down ARROW keys. Some of the property sheets worth looking at and options within them are: 1. In Word 97, in the Tools, Options, File Locations property sheet you can change where Word saves yÞø á"ÕŒÜÎîöÛ(ßöÜlÃŒHà ½îÛ¸µ ÚضÂÚ¾¼Œß¢ÂôçÃÃ… ñ$ǸøʈþrѪ `Üü jèx ’óx ˜ýà % ª,F ®0J ô2T' ÿÔùôÕšõ öTì¼û„áê ºÙÜ X×t úØŠÛœì Û<ÖæØÃÇþÕ>ÅêÓ>É0Ó*ËxÓþÅ*ÔF»¸Õª°ÖÙâ€Âª"âv©Âî4«bþr®¢ 6´ ¾†%¨Ìp(ÌÞš.òÃ" ¤¬Ãž ú < ° ò < L d * º j B ð ö ‚ $ ¤ÕÞ Úëà äå€ ä & æ~/>ì^62ö¨8n p6 2z \.î$6- *,.ò+ž/ , 0 /t.î6r*Å @æ#lHB îKv ¤J– ÃD–þ6:8Õ,+æñ„ lîÌ þë(øöézë è‚áXæ|Ù®äÈÒ|ãXÃ>ã°ÉLäžÈ˜æ’Ê–éòÎVìØÔ*î Ãœ`ïæäÌð€îŒòªö¸ó ü:ó¶ÿÂ�=B 0ð¬ ôìº $ê¾ nê> (îÈýHóføà ö¾ó>Õ¸ñ°ô„ó¤ðÚøÃìÂÿ¢êZ ´êÞ œìÈ Tï þÈñ üVó2ü ôÖý õR H Z ° Ú ª , v V „ l z! 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You should always be in "Normal" view (ALT V, N). After verifying this you then place the cursor at the point in the document on screen where you want the footnote marker to appear. 2. Press ALT I (for Insert) and then N (for Reference) and as you are already on the "Footnote" item, just press ENTER. To create a footnote press ENTER again or, if you are wanting an endnote, just ARROW down to "Endnote" before pressing ENTER. 3. You will now be in an editfield where you can type in the text of your footnote or endnote. 4. After entering the text, press F6 to return to your document. 5. You will now see a superscript figure 1 in the body of your document where your footnote marker is and also at the bottom of the page the figure 1 will appear again together with the footnote text you created in 3 above. Any further footnotes will be numbered 2, 3, etc. Endnotes will be indicated with Roman numbers. You may have to use your screenreader's mouse mode to view the footnotes and endnotes. Note: JAWS has a hot key to read out a given footnote or endnote to you by pressing ALT SHIFT E when the cursor is on the footnote or endnote marker. ******** 39.1. Creating and Using Hierarchical Heading Styles Styles can speed up and take the hard work out of creating long documents and can ensure consistency of appearance. You can either use Word's own pre-defined styles or create your own custom styles. A style is a structured and methodical way of creating heading and sub-heading levels with given characteristics, such as main headings being capitalised, in bold and in a large font, sub-headings being in smaller point size print, initial capitalised and underlined, third level headings having yet different and slightly subordinate characteristics, and so forth. It is necessary to use styles in a document if you intend to automatically generate a Table of Contents, an Index, a table of authorities or use cross-referencing in a document. 39.2. Using Word's Own IN-BUILT Styles To use Word's pre-defined styles as you create your document: 1. With a blank document screen, press ALT O (for format) and then S (for Style). You could also get there by pressing CONTROL SHIFT S, which is recommended if you are using Word 2002 or 2003. 2. You will fall on a "Normal" option and will need to ARROW up or down to "Heading 1" to create the highest level heading with the largest point size and press ALT A (for Apply) or ENTER. If there are no heading options in here at present, you will need to SHIFT TAB backwards once and then ARROW down in a Category list to "All Styles" first. You may also have to press ALT down ARROW before the styles listbox will open up for you to select the heading levels. Note that in Word 2002 and 2003 the heading options are not as readily available if you use the Format menu to enter the styles dialogue and you are likely to have to go into your screenreader's mouse mode at this stage to locate the heading level and press the left mouse click key, and this is why the CONTROL SHIFT S way to enter the dialogue box is recommended. 3. Just type your level one heading title now without using any formatting other than entering capitals or title case letters as required. Word will do the rest for you, e.g. type "Annual General Meeting", and then press SHIFT ENTER a couple of times to start typing your first paragraph. By default, the heading will have been created with the Arial font, in 16 point size print, using bold text and being aligned as the left most heading. Subsequent sub-headings, e.g. heading level 2 and 3, will be on the left but indented a small amount inwards from the heading 1 level and from one another. 4. Now type the paragraph body text to be placed underneath this heading in the normal way. The default font will be Times Roman in 12 point size print, as will the rest of the body text unless you change this. 5. To create heading level 2, just repeat the above steps from pressing CONTROL SHIFT S onwards but this time ARROW to (or move your screenreader's mouse pointer to and click on) "heading 2" in step 2. The print characteristics this time will be Arial font, 14 point, bold and in italics. 6. Again type the paragraph text under this heading and move to the heading level 3 point. 7. If you want further slightly indented headings from the level 2 level, carry out this procedure again and select "Heading 3" this time, and so forth. The heading 3 print will be in Arial, 13 point and in bold. 8. If you need to create several level 1 headings, just repeat the procedure for a level 1 heading style and the same for a level 2 style if you require several of these, etc. 9. After completing your document, save it as usual with CONTROL S or ALT F, A. Alternative Method Alternatively, if the below works better for you and your screenreader, you may wish to achieve the above heading levels results exclusively using Word's shortcuts for style headings. To do this, having first created your document with its headings, etc, place your cursor in the heading or paragraph you want to have a given style applied to (or highlight the few words you want it applied to) and press ALT CONTROL 1 to apply heading style 1, ALT CONTROL 2 to apply heading style 2 or ALT CONTROL 3 to apply heading style 3. Other shortcut keys to use with styles are: CONTROL SHIFT N: To bring up the Normal style. CONTROL SHIFT L: To bring up the bullets list. CONTROL SHIFT S: To bring up the style listbox. Note 1: At step 2 above, if you wish to change any of the Word defaults for print size, type of font used, to underline as well as embolden, etc, in Word 97 and 2000 you can TAB to a "More Buttons" button and press ENTRE, then TAB through many listboxes to ARROW up and down in to make such changes. In Word 2002 and 2003, these buttons and listboxes are already open for you to TAB and ARROW through. Note 2: This is how to create heading styles whilst simultaneously writing your document. However, if you have an existing document, you can have styles applied to it in the same way, but you will have to select/highlight the headings first, then use the above step by step procedure to apply the styles, or use the shortcut keys procedure mentioned in the alternative method. Note 3: You may find that some of the Word shortcuts for styles conflict with your screenreader's own hot keys. If this happens, employ your screenreader's bypass hot key before using them, e.g. INSERT B in Window-Eyes and CONTROL 7 in HAL. 39.3. Creating Your Own Styles You can create your own preferred heading and body text styles if you like: In Word 97 and 2000: 1. Highlight a heading or paragraph which already contains your desired inserted formatting. 2. Press CONTROL SHIFT S to open the style listbox and TAB to the "New" button and press ENTER. 3. In the editfield you come into, type the name you would like to give to this particular style (which does not conflict with the existing style names), e.g. "Level 1", and then TAB to "OK" and press ENTER. Note that you could also TAB on several times in this dialogue box to a "Shortcut" button to give this style its own shortcut key if you liked for quick generation, e.g. you could have called the style "Heading 4" instead of level 1 and allocated ALT CONTROL 4 as its shortcut, if you wished, but do note that if you used this particular shortcut you would be overwriting Word's current shortcut for ALT CONTROL 4 which is to generate a euro sign, so you would probably want to choose a different shortcut. 4. Now TAB to "Apply" and press ENTER to finish. This, however, only applies the current and new styles to the current document, so if you would like your new styles to also apply to the "normal.dot" default template and so be available to you for all documents you create, you would have to: A. Enter the styles box again with ALT O, S. B. ARROW to put focus on the style name you wish to have applied and thus saved as part of your normal.dot template file. C. TAB to "Modify" and press ENTER. D. Next TAB to "Add to Template" and press SPACEBAR to check this on. E. TAB to "OK" and press ENTER twice to complete. In Word 2002/XP: 1. Highlight a heading or paragraph which already contains your desired inserted formatting. 2. Press CONTROL SHIFT S to open the style listbox. 3. In the editfield you come into, type the name you would like to give to this particular style over the current temporary name (ensuring that it does not conflict with the existing style names), e.g. "Level 1". This, however, only applies the current and new styles to the current document, so if you would like your new styles to also apply to the "normal.dot" default document template and so be available to you for all documents you create, at this stage you would have to: A. With the above dialogue box still open, SHIFT TAB to "Styles and Formatting" and press ENTER. B. Now TAB to the "New Style" button and press ENTER. C. In the editfield you will come into, type a name for the style over the current temporary name, e.g. "Heading 4". D. Next TAB to "Add to Template" and press SPACEBAR to check this on. E. TAB to "OK" and press ENTER and then ESCAPE to complete. F. You may at this stage or when you close Word down be asked if you really want to save the changes you have made to the global normal.dot template, so press Y to say yes or N for no. Note: With Word 2003, at step A above, you use an "Organizer" button instead of a "Styles and Formatting" button. ******* 40.1. Automatically Generating a Table of Contents You can only get a Table of Contents automatically generated if your document has been created using styles (see Section 39 above). 1. With your document on screen and the cursor on a blank line at the top of the document, press ALT I (for Insert) and then D (for Index and Tables). With Word 2002 and 2003, you would press ALT I, N, D. 2. If you do not land in the "Table of Contents" property sheet, press CONTROL TAB until you get there. 3. Press ENTER to generate the TOC. This will create a TOC with the Word defaults of: Page numbers being shown, page numbers aligned to the right and with the use of leader dots between the headings and numbers. 4. Place a page break between the TOC and your document to give it a page of its own by pressing CONTROL ENTER. 5. Press CONTROL S to save the document with the newly created TOC. Note 1: You can change the Word TOC defaults by TABBING through and ARROWING up and down alternative choices at step 2 above before pressing ENTER, e.g. having dashes or underlines as your tab leaders instead of dots; the "Formats" list lets you select different looks of TOC, such as Classic, Distinctive, Fancy, etc; and there are more fine tuning options available from the "Options" button. Ensure that "Show levels" does reflect the number of heading levels you want--three in this example. Note 2: At step 2 above, you can CONTROL TAB through several property sheets and, in a very similar way to how you generate a TOC, you can also generate an Index or Table of Authorities and even a Table of Figures in Word 2002 and 2003. ******* 41.1. Embedded Cross- References and Jumping Directly to the Reference To insert cross-references your document must have been created using styles with page numbers, or outlined chapter or section headings, or footnotes, etc (see Section 39 above). Your cross- reference can be to a variety of things, e.g. to other text within the same document, to bookmarks, footnotes or to numbered paragraphs. For example: 1. At the appropriate place in the document type the introductory text which begins the cross-reference, e.g. 'for further details see . . .' 2. In Word 97 and 2000, press ALT I, r, or in Word XP press ALT I, N, R, and you will drop on the 'Reference Type' box, where you can arrow down to select the type of item for which you want to create a cross-reference, e.g. for a chapter heading, bookmark, footnote, numbered item, etc. 3. Press TAB and in the 'Insert Reference to' list arrow to the type of information you want inserted in the document, e.g. a page number, paragraph number, paragraph text, etc. Note that this list changes, depending on your selection in step 2. 4. TAB on several times and in the 'For which' box, select the specific item you want to refer to, e.g. if you selected heading in the Reference Type box and the document has 10 headings, arrow down to the heading you want to refer to. 5. Tab to 'Insert' and press enter. Note: If you checked the 'Insert as Hyperlink' option in the above dialogue box, you will be able to press ENTER on the linked cross-reference to jump to the reference you need in the same document. If the reference is in another document, both documents must be part of a master document. ******** 42.1. Inserting Jump-to Hyperlinks into a Document A "hyperlink" is a place in a document where you can insert a link field, so that when you press ENTER on it you will be taken straight to another place. For instance, to another file to read, to a bookmark, to your E-mail client to send an e-mail or onto the Internet to a specified Website. 42.2. Inserting a Link to Jump to another File from Your Current document For example: 1. If you want the person reading your current document to be able to jump to another file and read this before continuing with the first document, you should highlight the word or words to form part of the hyperlink. 2. Next press CONTROL K and in the editfield you will be in type the location of the other file you wish to have read immediately, e.g. C:\My documents\manual.doc, or A:\manual.doc, or http://web.onetel.com/~fromthekeyboard/index.htm and press ENTER and the process is finished. Note: In the above step there are also "Web", "File" and "Bookmark" sub-dialogues you can press ENTER on to use to direct Word to where you want it to look for such as a Website , file or bookmark to open. 3. Now, when you are reading your main document, if your screenreader is advanced enough to tell you when you have moved onto a hyperlink or you can see sufficiently to notice the link, you will be able to press ENTER on it to get the file opened for reading in a new Word document screen, or you will be in your e- mail client's headers to fill them in or you will be taken onto the Net with your Web browser to view the specified site. You may have to already be online for the Website hyperlink to work. Note that if pressing ENTER on the first letter of the highlighted linked text does not launch the second file or Internet browser, etc, pressing ENTER on the second letter of the link should work. Alternatively, with your cursor on the hyperlink, you can open a Context Menu and ARROW to "Open Hyperlink" to open it and achieve your desired result. 4. After reading the linked file just press ALT F, C, to close it and return to your original document or, if you have gone onto the Internet, close your Web browser. Remember, your screenreader may possess a hot key to conveniently list all of the links in a document for you, e.g. INSERT F7 in JAWS and INSERT TAB with Window-Eyes. 42.3. Inserting Pictures into Your Documents Directly from a Scanner or Camera With all versions of Word from 97 onwards you can, provided you have a Scanner or camera attached to your PC and turned on before you start your computer, place a hard copy paper chart, photograph or other picture onto the scanner or in front of the camera and obtain a snap of it. It will then be inserted into your document at the point of the cursor. 1. With your scanner or camera ready and your photo or other picture on the scanner or in front of the camera, press ALT I (for Insert) and then P (for Picture). 2. ARROW to "From Scanner or Camera" and press ENTER. 3. You should come into a list showing which camera or scanner interface driver will be used to do the scan or snap-shot. Just below this is an "Add Pictures to Clip Organiser" button which should be checked on if you would like your pictures to be saved in this Clip Organiser folder of pictures for possible future use. 4. Now TAB again to the "Custom Insert" button and press ENTER or use the shortcut of ALT C. 5. Your scanner or camera driver should load in and give you the same options as usual when scanning or takeing pictures, e.g. a scan or similar button. Press ENTER to start the scan or take the camera picture as normal. 6. After scanning or snapping the picture it will be inserted into your document but, of course, you will have to be able to see this to appreciate it. If you go into your screenreader's mouse mode, you should be able to find the default name that Word gives to picture images in a document, e.g. "picture 1", "picture 2", etc, depending on how many pictures you have inserted. Note: If you choose one of the other options in the Insert, Pictures sub-menu, you will have to have such clipart and other images available on your computer to select from or load them from your MS Office installation CD. 42.4. Formatting a Picture or other Object After inserting an object like a photo, picture or other image object into your document, if you wish, you can format it. If you cannot see what is happening to it wen you do the formatting, you will have to ask someone or simply accept that selecting and applying the various formatting choices you can make should work OK as long as you have highlighted the object successfully first. 1. Go to the object you wish to format in mouse mode and click it with your screenreader's left mouse simulation hot key, if you are not already there. Your screenreader may also have a find objects hot key to open up a list of objects in a document to select one and take you there, e.g. CONTROL SHIFT O with JAWS. 2. Press ALT O (for Format) and then ARROW to and press ENTER on "Picture" to open up a Context Menu with several property sheets in it. 3. You can CONTROL TAB through these several sheets and make alterations to the size, appearance, angle of display, border line colour, etc, and you can even add alt text to a picture so that if you upload it to a Website a screenreader will be able to read the ALT (alternative) text on it and thereby tell you what it is or what it represents. In these sheets you can TAB to various options and ARROW up and down choices or spinboxes to make choices or increase or decrease the object's size. 4. When finished formatting, TAB to and press ENTER on "OK" to complete the procedure. 42.5. Inserting an AutoShape into Your Document If you want to insert one of a number of autoshapes into your document you can do this by: 1. Firstly enable the Drawing Toolbar by pressing ALT V (for View) and then T (for Toolbars), followed by ARROWING to "Drawing" and pressing ENTER. 2. Place the cursor in the document where you want the shape inserting. 3. Press ALT U and you will open up a list of autoshape choices to ARROW through downwards or to the right, each with its own sub-menu to right ARROW into and make a specific choice by pressing ENTER on a shape, line, type of arrow, etc. 3. So just ARROW to the one you would like inserting and press ENTER to drop it into your document. ******** 43.1. Putting Shading and plain or Ornamental Borders Around Text, Paragraphs and Whole Pages If you would like to give your letters and other documents a creative and pleasantly imaginative look, you could place part or all of a page in coloured shading or in solid or other types of lined borders. You could also generate lines of artistic images around a document, such as 3-D stars, harts, confetti shapes, etc. You do this via the Format, Borders and Shading feature. For example: 1. To place a one point thick oblong box of alternate dots and dashes around a main heading, you would first highlight the whole heading in the usual way. 2. Then press ALT O, B, and CONTROL TAB to the "Borders" property sheet if you are not already on it. 3. You will be in (or may have to TAB once to) a list of types of border to apply, such as "Box", "Shadow", "3-D", etc, so ARROW to "Box" from the first option which may be "None". 4. TAB to the "Style" list and ARROW down this to your choice, e.g. single solid line, dotted, etc, until you reach "Dash Dot". 5. The next press of TAB takes you to many colours you could ARROW down and choose for the border, so make your choice, if you have a colour printer. Otherwise, leave it on "Auto" for non- colour printers. 6. TAB to the "Width" list which starts at a border width of one point (in Word 97 and 2000) or a quarter of a point wide only (in Word 2002 and 2003) and goes as thick as six points. ARROW to "1 pt". 7. The next press of TAB takes you to the first of four buttons which are all pressed on by default for getting border lines around all sides of your heading or paragraph but if you do not want one of the border lines, just press ENTER on the unwanted line to turn it off. Because all screenreaders are not able to read these buttons, there order is: button 1 is for the top border, button 2 the bottom border, button 3 the left border and button 4 the right border. 8. TAB on once and you can next apply your border to either text or a paragraph by ARROWING to your requirement. 9. The "Options" button, which is only available if you select "Paragraph" in the last step, lets you independently alter the thickness of any or all of the four border lines if this is what you want. 10. After selecting all of the options and effects you would like, TAB to "OK" and press ENTER to finish. If, at step 2 above, you CONTROL TAB to the "Page Border" sheet, you can make the same sorts of choices for a border right around your whole page, at the margins, but you can also TAB to the "Art" list and ARROW down to select from over 100 different tiny pictures which you can have your page border created from, e.g. 3-D stars, apples, champagne bottles, Father Christmases, etc. Similarly, if at step 2 above, you CONTROL TAB TO THE "Shading" property sheet, you will be permitted to choose from various levels of grey shading, from black, white, or coloured shading for the background of text, whole paragraphs or pages plus background patterns. Remember, if you press SHIFT F1 whilst on any of these property sheet items, you will be given a help description of what it is for. Note: Your screenreader is unlikely to be able to read or describe these borders to you and some screenreaders do not speak some of the buttons and lists described above. However, JAWS does have a hot key for describing some borders around the active cell, table, paragraph or section, which is ALT SHIFT B. ******** 44.1. Basic Word Macros A macro is the recording of several commands to be saved under one command name, which you can then run to automatically carry out all of those individual commands in the order they were recorded to easily and quickly achieve and automate a task which you carry out regularly. To some extent macros, styles and autotext are similar and overlap, although more complicated and advanced results can be achieved with macros and you can get into the realms of using the Visual Basic and Microsoft Script Editors. Whole books have been written on Office macros, so this is a basic example of how they work only. 44.2. Recording a Macro 1. To record a macro, you would press ALT T (for Tools), M (for Macro) and then R (for Record New Macro) to open up the macro editor. 2. You then type your preferred macro name into the editfield you come into by overtyping the default macro name already in there, e.g. letter opening and close. 3. If you TAB on to the "Description" editfield before carrying out step 4 below, you will find a standard description in there, such as macro recorded 20/11/02 by John Wilson, so replace this with your own more meaningful description if you like. 4. TAB or SHIFT TAB to the second "Assign Macro To" button (in Word 97 and 2000) or the "Keyboard" button (in Word 2002 and 2003) and press ENTER and then type in a key combination which you would like in future to use to invoke your macro which does not conflict with one of Windows or your screenreader's own shortcut key combinations. Use something a little obscure, like ALT CONTROL /. Having said this, this assigning of a shortcut key combination step is optional as you can always run your macro from the Tools menu instead of from a shortcut if you wish. 5. Next TAB to "Assign Macro" and press ENTER and then TAB to "Close" and press ENTER again. 6. You will now be on the macro recording screen, so type any text or single commands you would like to have in your macro when you run it as a mini-program, e.g. text with any attributes you would like to give it, insert graphics, type in already set-up Windows shortcut commands, press the keystrokes to take you through menu items and dialogue boxes and their steps to achieve a given goal, and just about anything that you could do with Word on a single command basis, in the order you want them to appear when you run the macro and exactly as you would like them to appear on the screen. 7. After typing all of the steps for the macro, stop recording it and complete the process by pressing ALT T, M, r. . 44.3. Running a Macro To run your macro and thus all of the commands recorded within it, in the order you recorded them: 1. If you elected to allocate a shortcut key combination to your macro as shown in step 3 above, you can run the macro by simply pressing that key combination, e.g. ALT CONTROL /. 2. If you prefer (or did not allocate a shortcut to the macro), you can either press ALT F8 or ALT T, M, M, to open up a list of all of your macros and ARROW down the list to the one you want and press ENTER on it to run it. You may have to get this combobox list of macros opened by pressing ALT down ARROW first and you may only be able to hear the individual macro names by pressing your screenreader's read current line hot key. 44.4. Working Macro Example If you have a document on screen with given formatting, such as styles, italics, emboldening, text size, line spacing,etc, and you regularly receive such documents from colleagues and want to quickly remove all formatting, you can achieve this with several commands via the "Paste Special" feature of the Edit menu. However, if you commit this string of commands to a macro, you will only have to press your shortcut key combination to achieve your removing of unwanted formatting aim. Do this by: 1. Using Word 2000 for this example, open your formatted document on screen. Things work very similarly in Word 97, 2002 and 2003. 2. Press CONTROL A to highlight the whole document and then press CONTROL C to copy it to the Clipboard. 3. Press CONTROL A again and then the DELETE key to clear the screen. 4. Now start recording your macro by following the usual steps. These would be: A. Press ALT T, M and then r. B. Type your desired macro name and then TAB twice to "Keyboard" and press ENTER. C. Press your preferred shortcut key combination, e.g. ALT CONTROL /, TAB to "Assign" and press ENTER and then TAB to "Close" and press ENTER. D. Now start recording your macro keystrokes, which are: Press ALT E (for Edit) and then S (for Paste Special) and in the dialogue box you come into ARROW up to the "Unformatted Text" option and press ENTER. Then, if there is one in your version of Word, TAB to "OK" and press ENTER. E. Lastly, stop recording the macro by pressing ALT T, M and then R. 5. Now, with a blank document screen, to execute your newly recorded macro, you simply press ALT CONTROL / (or use the ALT F8 method) and the textual contents of the Clipboard will appear on screen with all of the previous formatting stripped out for you. 6. When you exit Word, you will be asked if you wish to save your changes to the default "normal.doc" template which runs every time you launch Word, so press Y (for Yes) to confirm this if you are happy with the above macro you have created and want to keep it or N if you do not want to retain it. Note: Macros of all types are often used by virus writers to create damaging viruses, using the Visual Basic programming language, so only send macros as attachments to e-mails after letting the recipient know you are doing so. Never open a macro attachment to an e-mail you yourself receive without first running a good quality, up-to-date virus-checker on it, such as McAfee or Norton. ******** 45.1. Saving Time by Using Smart Tags in Word with JAWS and Window-Eyes If your screenreader can detect and report the presence of a Smart Tag, you can benefit from these by being able to update data in other related Microsoft Office programs as you go along. JAWS 4.5 or later and Window-Eyes 5.0 and later can both inform you of when a word or figure contains a Smart Tag. 45.2. What are Smart Tags? Smart Tags are only available with versions of Office programs from Office 2002/XP. They are a means of quickly performing procedures in Word (and other Office XP programs such as Excel, Powerpoint and Access) by having a command list of actions made available to you, so that you do not have to open those other features or programs to do these things. Smart Tags are underlined on the screen with purple dotted lines. 45.3. Turning Smart Tags On or Off By default, Word 2002 and 2003 have Smart Tags turned on but if they are not working in your copy of Word, they are turned on by: 1. press ALT T (for Tools), A (for AutoCorrect) or "AutoCorrect Options"and then CONTROL TAB or right ARROW from the property sheet tab you are currently on to the "Smart Tags" sheet. In here ensure that "Label Text with Smart Tags" and "Show Smart Tags Actions Buttons" are checked on. If they are not, press SPACEBAR to check them on. ARROW down in the list of recogniser actions which Smart Tags can be applied to, e.g. person's names, addresses, telephone numbers, etc, and ensure that all of these are checked on if you would like Smart Tags to be available for all possible options or turn those off which you do not want to receive Smart Tag reminders for. Then press ENTER on "OK". 2. Now press ALT T, then O and CONTROL TAB to the "View" property sheet if you are not already on it. TAB to the "Show Smart Tags" item and press SPACEBAR to turn it on, if it is not already checked on, followed by ENTER to finish. 3. If you are a Window-Eyes user, now press INSERT V (for Verbosity) and then ARROW down to "Miscellaneous". You now TAB to "Smart Tags" and press SPACEBAR to check this on (if it is not already on) and TAB to "OK" and press ENTER. Obviously, do the opposite of the above to turn Smart Tags off. 45.4. Examples of Smart Tags in Action Smart Tags are being created by Microsoft on an ongoing basis but only a few types come with the standard copy of Word 2002 and 2003, such as for person names, Outlook e-mail recipients, addresses, times, dates, place names, telephone numbers and MSN money central financial symbols. If you have Smart Tags turned on, they will be inserted as you create a document or review an already created document. To take just two Smart Tag examples should give an idea of what Smart Tags allow you to quickly do but only up-to-date versions of JAWS and Window-Eyes are able to advise you of their presence and provide a means of opening their associated actions list. The below examples were done using JAWS 4.5 and Word 2002/XP. At the time of writing, HAL was not able to deal with Smart Tags but, hopefully, HAL should catch up soon. Additionally, whilst JAWS 5.0 does work to some extent with Word 2003 and Smart Tags, I have found it not to be very stable and it is to be hoped that when new scripts for JAWS 5.0 and Word 2002 and 2003 are released, they will improve the Smart Tags reliability. Examples: Dates 1. Type a standard format for a date, e.g. 12/12/02 or 8 December 2002 into the document Editing Pane, and press ENTER. 2. ARROW back to the date, when JAWS should say "Has Smart Tag". 3. Now that you know you are on a Smart Tag you can press the JAWS hot key of ALT CONTROL S to activate a list of the actions which are now available to you to carry out on that date without having to go into other menus and take more time to achieve these things. 4. TAB through to see the actions you can now undertake, which are: "Schedule a Meeting", "Show my Calendar", "Remove this Smart Tag" and "Smart Tag Options". If you do not want to go any further, just press ESCAPE now to leave the actions list; otherwise, try the below. 5. Press ENTER on "Schedule a Meeting" and you will be taken to the MS Outlook meeting scheduler to enter meeting information for the date in question. You just complete the details as normal (provided you are familiar with MS Outlook". Person Name 1. Similarly, on a blank screen, type a person's name not forgetting to use initial capitals, e.g. John Wilson and press ENTER. 2. ARROW back to the name and JAWS should advise you that a Smart Tag is associated with that type of information. 3. Press ALT CONTROL S and then TAB through the actions you can now quickly apply to that person. such as "Send Mail", "Schedule a Meeting", "Open Contact", "Add to Contacts", "Insert Address", "Remove this Smart Tag" and "Smart Tag Options". 4. Press ENTER on "Send Mail" and MS Outlook will again open but this time giving you immediate access to your e-mail client element of MS Outlook (provided, of course, you have already set MS Outlook up as your default e-mailing program, otherwise you will get the Outlook wizard to set things up initially). 5. Complete the e-mail headers and message body as normal and send your e-mail. This assumes, of course, that John Wilson is in your MS Outlook contacts Address Book with his e-mail address details, etc. Some of the other options available in the first list you came into at step 3 will allow you to add John wilson to your Outlook Address Book if he is not already there via "Add to Contacts". 6. Close MS Outlook and you will be returned to your original document at the name John Wilson with its Smart Tag. Note: the "Smart Tag Options" button mentioned above permits you to change some of the ways Smart Tags work but it has an interesting "More Smart Tags" button. If you press ENTER on this, you will be taken onto the Internet to the Microsoft site to download more Smart Tags so that you will be able to effect even more Smart Tag quick commands on yet more types of data. ******** 46.1. Using Speech in Word 2002 and 2003 to Dictate Documents and Give Commands If you are a reasonably competent keyboard user, you are unlikely to want to use speech to achieve your word-processing aims. However, for those with poor keyboard skills, the speech alternative may be worthwhile. Having said this, the best practice will still be to use a combination of speech and keyboard input. The speech ability is only available for Chinese, English and Japanese languages. If you are to use Word's speech ability (also available in other Office programs), you will require: 1. A good quality microphone or headset with close-talk microphone. A high quality USB microphone is recommended. For speech synthesiser users, to eliminate the sound of the synthesiser emanating from the speakers, a good headset will be best. 2. At least a Pentium 400 MHz PC. 3. Windows 98 or later. 4. At least 128 Mb of RAM. The basics of how you set speech up and use it are as follows but those who cannot see sufficiently to read from the screen may be advised to get the assistance of a sighted person when setting things up, as the training to your voice is essential to the speech system working at its optimum. During speech training you will have to read 10 or 15 minutes of on-screen text, which your screenreader is unlikely to be able to "see". You will also have to tell the program which words you have spoken and it has mis- heard and correct these. To use speech you will have to have installed it with a "Custom" set-up during the installation of Word. Having installed the speech ability you would then continue as follows. 46.2. Setting Up and Training Speech 1. Plug your microphone/headset into the USB port or into your sound card and then enable speech by pressing ALT T (for Tools) and then H (for Speech). If the speech package is not currently installed, you will be asked if you want to install it, so press ENTER on "Yes". 2. Then TAB to "Next" and press ENTER and you will be on the Microphone Wizard. During the first few screens you will be receiving information only about what is to happen and will have to press enter on several "Next" buttons before it will be time to start reading the on-screen text for microphone level testing and voice training, so use your screenreader's mouse or navigation mode to read these details. You will be asked on two different screens to dictate one or two sentences to ensure that the recording level of the microphone is correct and have to view a level indicator until it reaches a certain balance but if you speak the sentences 10 or so times at a normal level this should work OK if your microphone is a good one. You should have a headset microphone about 1 inch from your mouth to one side and speak at a normal volume in your normal manner. 3. If, when you complete this microphone volume levelling stage by pressing ENTER on "Finish", you get a message that your microphone was not found to be of good enough quality, you can elect to terminate the training or continue but continuing is likely to result in an unacceptable performance with your current equipment. I would recommend that you terminate, obtain a better microphone and start again later. 4. You will be asked a few questions such as what gender you are and what age you are, so check the correct boxes with your left mouse click key and press ENTER on "Next". 5. You will soon come to a dialogue which offers you a "Sample" button to press ENTER on to give you an idea of how you should speak into the microphone, which you can press ENTER on several times if you like to hear the sample voice. Then Press ENTER on "Next". 6. After yet another "Next" button, you will reach a page with a good amount of text on it which you have to read into your microphone for about 10 or 15 minutes but your screenreader is unlikely to be able to tell you what this text is, so a sighted person would be helpful at this stage. You might also be advised to Braille the text up so that you can read it evenly or put it onto tape to listen to at low volume and repeat into the microphone. You will also have to correct voice recognition mistakes at this stage. Do not skip this voice training stage, as it is essential to the program working anything like accurately for you, so if you cannot get sighted help, at least pick up a book or magazine and read this into the microphone for about 15 minutes or just keep talking into the microphone as generally and variedly for this period of time. 7. When this stage is over, you should be up and running and can now choose to have the speech ability turned on or off at any time as you like. 46.3. Dictating Documents and Giving Commands The types of dictation you can give via the speech feature are to simply dictate documents such as letters, reports, memos, etc, just as you would dictate them to a typist. You can also give the speech system selections and commands to carry out such as menu commands, dialogue box choices, Toolbar and Task Pane items and commands. How you use the speech system is: 1. If you have not already got a new blank document open, press CONTROL N to do this. 2. Press ALT T, H, to turn speech on. 3. If you wish to create a text document, such as a letter, you would do this in dictation mode by saying "Dictation" into your microphone. You would wait a second or two and then start dictating your letter evenly and clearly at a moderate speed in complete sentences. Try to ensure a quiet environment for dictating. It is likely that the words you speak will not appear on screen for a few seconds after you dictate them; just continue dictating and the computer will continue processing your speech in the background and put it on screen as soon as it can. It is recommended that you do your text dictating in its entirety and then put any formatting in afterwards. Do not switch to voice command mode until all of your dictated speech has been converted to text. 3. During dictation you will want to speak prompts to produce punctuation, particular symbols and so on. The main way to get these included in your document is: A. Punctuation Say this To get this inserted "PERIOD": Full stop "COMMA": Comma "COLON": colon "SEMI-COLON": Semicolon "QUESTION": Question mark "EXCLAIM": Exclamation mark B. Symbols Say this To get this inserted "AND": Ampersand "STAR": Asterisk "AT": At sign "BACKSLASH": Backslash "SLASH": Slash "VERTICAL BAR": Vertical bar "DASH": Dash or hyphen "DASH DASH": Double dash "EQUALS": Equals sign "PLUS": Plus SIGN "number": Pound sign "DOLLAR": Dollar sign "PERCENT": Per cent sign "UNDERLINE": Underscore "TILDA": Tilde "DOT DOT DOT": Ellipsis "GREATER": Greater than sign "LESS": Less than sign "CARET": Caret "ENTER": New line "ENTER TWICE": New Paragraph "LEFT BRACKET": Open bracket "RIGHT BRACKET": Close bracket "LEFT PAREN": Left parenthesis "RIGHT PAREN": Close parenthesis "QUOTE": Open double quotes "QUOTE": Close double quotes "APOSTROPHE": Open single quote "APOSTROPHE": Close single quote "FIVE": five (will be spelled out as will all numbers up to 20) "21": 21 (will be inserted as figures as will all numbers above this) "FIRST": First (ordinal numbers) "1/2": One half (fractions) "THREE THREE FOUR SIX NINE ONE": 334691 as with phone numbers) 46.4. Inserting Formatting Using Speech Commands After dictating your document, you can add formatting using speech commands, for example: 1. Enter command mode by saying "voice commands". 2. Highlight/select the text you want to format as usual using the keyboard in the normal way or you can use several speech commands to do this, as follows: "Select next word" "Select last word" "Select next line" "Select Last Line" "Select paragraph" 3. Having highlighted your text, speak the command you want to have applied to that text, for example: Say "bold" to get the text emboldened or "underline" to get it underscored. Say "font" and then say "times new roman" to give the selected text that font style. Say "file" and then say "save" to bring up the File, Save dialogue box to save a document. Note: Do not forget to turn your microphone off when you have finished, otherwise anything you say or anyone else says will be picked up and rubbish (or maybe something more incriminating or embarrassing) and committed to screen/file/paper. You can turn the microphone off with the voice command of "microphone", which will toggle the microphone on and off. ******** 47.1. Password Protecting Your documents If you have any sensitive or otherwise private documents you would not want others using your computer to have access to, you can individually password protect them. You could use a different password for each document but this is probably not practical because of having to remember them all. You are best advised, therefore, to use a single not easy for anyone else to guess password for all your private documents. To password protect a document: 1. With the document on screen, press ALT T (for Tools) and then O (for Options). 2. Now move to the "Save" property sheet in Word 97 and 2000 with CONTROL TAB or the "Security" sheet in Word 2002 and 2003 by TABBING to one of the property sheet labels and then ARROWING left and right and up and down to find it. 3. TAB in the property sheet to the "Password to Open" editfield if you are not already on it. Then simply type your preferred password in here, e.g. CD27BP999, and press ENTER. The password can be up to 15 characters long and any case sensitivity you type in must also be typed in when opening the document again. 4. You will then be asked to type the same password in again to confirm that you have actually typed the password in above you really wanted. So type it in again exactly as before and press ENTER to confirm. 5. Your password for this single document is now set but you will now have to save the document again to ensure that the password is saved with and retained with that document, so do so with the normal CONTROL S or ALT F, A, methods. 6. When you next attempt to open this file for reading, you will be confronted with a message asking you to type in your password first before you can view this particular document. So type it in exactly, including any capitalization. If you forget your password, you can forget ever viewing your document again as well! Note: In the above sheets, just below the "Password to Open" editfield, there is a "Password to Modify" editfield. this works just the same as the Password to Open feature but if you use this latter password protection method, you will only be denying another user the ability to modify and resave your document to its current filename, not the ability to open and read it. ******** 48.1. Automatic Launching of Word with Your Things To-do Reminder List Displayed If you would like to have Word automatically launch each time you boot your PC and display on the Word document screen a to-do reminder list of your day's work or home priorities or some similar reminder, you can achieve this. This list could be the same list you have coming up every time you start your computer or you could create a new list at the end of each working day so that a different list of important to do tasks is displayed each morning. Do this by: 1. Launch Word as normal. 2. On the open document screen, type your to-do priority list for when you next start your computer. For example: 8 A.M. - Check the office printers and fax machines are all switched on. 9.30 A.M. - Attend Management meeting. 1 P.M. - After lunch open the showrooms for the afternoon customers. 3.30 P.M. - Visit dentist's. 5 P.M. - On way home from work, pick up new TV. 3. After typing your reminder list, save it with ALT F (for File) and then A (for Save As) and give it any filename you like, e.g. reminder.doc. It should be saved to: C:\Windows\Start Menu\Programs\Startup\reminder.doc 4. Now, when you next start your computer, e.g. when you first come into work in the morning, Windows will load and shortly afterwards MS Word will also launch displaying the above To do reminder list. Note: To stop this reminder displaying every time you boot your PC, delete the reminder.doc file. If you always use the same reminder.doc filename, you will be able to overwrite the old reminder list with a new one. ******** 49.1. Using the Word 2003 Research Services Feature to Find Information The new Research feature of Word/Office 2003 permits you to quickly and conveniently access information from your computer and from the Internet from within your Microsoft Office program. The results of your research searches can then be immediately inserted into your open document. This feature is available across the whole Office 2003 suite of programs, e.g. Word, Excel, Outlook, Access, etc. You can search for reference information from multiple sources simultaneously or from a specific source. Some of these research resources are free, e.g. the online Encarta encyclopedia, whereas others have a subscription fee. It must be stated, however, that screenreaders at the time of writing (beginning of December 2003) were not very good at dealing with the Research Pane and its contents. JAWS 4.5 permits you to view the dialogues and buttons in the Research Pane but it is not easy to get things working without going into mouse mode. JAWS 5.0 does better but you will still have to enter mouse mode to view the results of any search for information. Freedom Scientific are currently working on improved script files for Office 2003. Window-Eyes 4.5 works quite well with Word 2003 but will not have full set file functionality until Version 4.5 has had new set files created for Office 2003. HAL Version 5.30 has maps for Office 2003 and so will work with Word 2003, although at present they do not work very well in the Research Pane as far as viewing the result of your searches is concerned. You will have to experiment and decide for yourself if this research feature is worth the time and effort for you or if it is easier and quicker for you to use an alternative on your hard disk or on the Web dictionary, encyclopedia or general search engine to find what you want. To use the Research feature from within Word 2003: 49.2. Searching for Thesaurus, Encyclopedia and Language Translation Resources 1. Press ALT T (for Tools) and then R (for Research). 2. You should come into the Research Pane, which takes over the standard Task Pane area. If it does not come into focus, you can press the F6 key to get there. Every time the Research Pane looses focus and you want to get back to it, use the F6 key and use the F6 key to also return to your document. 3. When you first open the Research Pane, you will fall on an editfield where you can type a word or phrase in to have a search done on. For this example, type the word "magma" in here. Note that if you had of typed more than one word, such as blue whales, you would have only received information on the word blue rather than on the large sea creature, because to get information on a whole phrase you have to put it in double quotes, e.g. "blue whales". 4. TAB once to the "Start Searching" button, which you can press ENTER on to do a default search of several online Web resources, such as the online English Encarta encyclopedia. 5. If, before you activate the above search button, you TAB forward, you can ARROW down several search resources to narrow the search down to a particular place on the Web or have all resources searched. They include resources like Encarta, Thesaurus, Elibrary, All Business and Financial Sites, etc. 6. After you have been taken onto the Web by Internet Explorer and it has found the type of information you want, you should be able to go into mouse mode and view the findings on screen but whether you can do this and to what degree things will be intelligible will, as already stated, depend on which screenreader you are using and how up to date it is. If you loose focus on the Research Pane at any time and come back to the Word document window, just press F6 to return to the Research Pane. 49.3. Searching for Online resources and downloads on the Microsoft Office Marketplace Site When you have the Research Pane open, you will be able to TAB to a "Get Services on Office Marketplace" link to press ENTER on to take you online to the Web with Internet Explorer. This will open up the Microsoft Office Marketplace home page, which you can then TAB and ARROW down, etc, to avail yourself of several provided resources, such as free templates, clipart and the Elibrary. Just follow the online instructions if you would like to download anything or join any of these services. 49.4. Changing Research Options and Enabling Parental Control over what can be accessed and Viewed by Children After enabling the Research Pane and moving to it, you can TAB to and open up a sub-dialogue called "Research Options". In here you can: 1. ARROW down a long list of information searching resources in different languages plus a "Translation" option. To use this latter option, you will have to have several languages installed on your PC. By default, on my English system, the following options are checked on but you can press SPACEBAR on any of them to turn more on or some current ones off: Encarta English encyclopedia, English thesaurus and Elibrary. You may only be able to verify which are checked on in mouse mode. 2. You can then TAB to a "Add Services" button to register yourself for even more information services to search if you like. This will take you onto the Net to do this. 3. TABBING another couple of times will enable you to activate a "Parental Control" button where you can press SPACEBAR to turn on a "Turn on Content Filtering to Make Services Block Offensive Results" checkbox. This will do just what it says and protect your children from offensive adult or expletive search findings by filtering them out. After pressing SPACEBAR on this checkbox, you can then type in a password so that only adults knowing this password can then obtain access to all search findings including those considered to be offensive. 4. After viewing and/or changing any of these search facilities and filters, TAB to one or two "OK" buttons and press ENTER. ******** 50.1. Appendix 1 LIST OF WORD SHORTCUT KEYSTROKES Keys for editing and moving text and graphics To delete text and graphics: To Press Delete one character to the left: BACKSPACE Delete one word to the left: CONTROL BACKSPACE Delete one character to the right: DELETE Delete one word to the right: CONTROL DELETE Cut selected text to the Clipboard: CONTROL X Undo the last action: CONTROL Z Cut to the Spike: CONTROL F3 To Copy and move text and graphics: To Press Copy text or graphics: CONTROL C Move text or graphics: F2 (then move the insertion point and press ENTER) Create AutoText: ALT F3 Paste the Clipboard contents: CONTROL V Paste the Spike contents: CONTROL SHIFT F3 To insert special characters: To insert Press A field: CONTROL F9 An AutoText entry: ENTER (after typing the first few characters of the AutoText entry name and when the Screen Tip appears) A line break: SHIFT ENTER A page break: CONTROL ENTER A column break: CONTROL SHIFT ENTER An optional hyphen: CONTROL HYPHEN A non-breaking hyphen: CONTROL SHIFT HYPHEN A non-breaking space: CONTROL SHIFT SPACEBAR The copyright symbol: ALT CONTROL C The registered trademark symbol: ALT CONTROL R The trademark symbol: ALT CONTROL T The citation mark: ALT SHIFT I An ellipsis: ALT CONTROL period Bullets at the beginning of a list: CONTROL SHIFT L (after first highlighting the list) To select text and graphics: Select text by holding down SHIFT and pressing the key that moves the insertion point. To extend a selection Press One character to the right: SHIFT RIGHT ARROW One character to the left: SHIFT LEFT ARROW To the end of a word: CONTROL SHIFT RIGHT ARROW To the beginning of a word: CONTROL SHIFT LEFT ARROW To the end of a line: SHIFT END To the beginning of a line: SHIFT HOME One line down: SHIFT DOWN ARROW One line up: SHIFT UP ARROW To the end of a paragraph: CONTROL SHIFT DOWN ARROW To the beginning of a paragraph: CONTROL SHIFT UP ARROW One screen down: SHIFT PAGE DOWN One screen up: SHIFT PAGE UP To the end of a window: ALT CONTROL PAGE DOWN To the beginning of a document: CONTROL SHIFT HOME To include the entire document: CONTROL A To a vertical block of text: CONTROL SHIFT F8, and then use the ARROW keys; press ESCAPE to cancel selection mode To a specific location in a document: F8 and use ARROW keys; press ESCAPE to cancel selection mode Tip: If you know the key combination to move the insertion point, you can select the text by using the same key combination while holding down SHIFT. For example, CONTROL RIGHT ARROW moves the insertion point to the next word, and CONTROL SHIFT RIGHT ARROW selects the text from the insertion point to the beginning of the next word. To select text and graphics in a table: To Press Select the next cell's contents: TAB Select the preceding cell's contents: SHIFT TAB Extend a selection to adjacent cells: Hold down SHIFT and press an ARROW key repeatedly Select a column: Click in the column's top or bottom cell. Hold down SHIFT and press the UP ARROW or DOWN ARROW key repeatedly ExtEND a selection (or block): CONTROL SHIFT F8 and then use the ARROW keys; press ESCAPE to cancel selection mode Reduce the selection size: SHIFT F8 Select an entire table: ALT 5 on the numeric keypad (with NUM LOCK off) To extend a selection: To Press Turn extend mode on: F8 Select the nearest character: F8 and then press LEFT ARROW or RIGHT ARROW Increase the size of a selection: F8 (press once to select a word, twice to select a sentence, and so forth) Reduce the size of a selection: SHIFT F8 Turn extend mode off: ESCAPE To move the insertion point: To move Press One character to the left: LEFT ARROW One character to the right: RIGHT ARROW One word to the left: CONTROL LEFT ARROW One word to the right: CONTROL RIGHT ARROW One paragraph up: CONTROL UP ARROW One paragraph down: CONTROL DOWN ARROW One cell to the left: (in a table) SHIFT TAB One cell to the right: (in a table) TAB Up one line: UP ARROW Down one line: DOWN ARROW To the end of a line: END To the beginning of a line: HOME To the top of the window: ALT CONTROL PAGE UP To the end of the window: ALT CONTROL PAGE DOWN Up one screen (scrolling): PAGE UP Down one screen (scrolling): PAGE DOWN To the top of the next page: CONTROL PAGE DOWN To the top of the previous page: CONTROL PAGE UP To the end of a document: CONTROL END To the beginning of a document: CONTROL HOME To a previous revision: SHIFT F5 To the location of the insertion point when the document was last closed: SHIFT F5 To move around in a table: In a table, to move to the Press Next cell in a row: TAB Previous cell in a row: SHIFT TAB First cell in a row: ALT HOME Last cell in a row: ALT END First cell in a column: ALT PAGE UP Last cell in a column: ALT PAGE DOWN Previous row: UP ARROW Next row: DOWN ARROW To insert paragraphs and TAB characters in a table: To insert Press New paragraphs in a cell: ENTER Tab characters in a cell: CONTROL TAB To effect miscellaneous changes: To Press Decrease font size: CONTROL SHIFT < Increase font size: CONTROL SHIFT > Remove paragraph formatting: CONTROL Q Remove character formatting: CONTROL SPACEBAR Go to a specified place: CONTROL G Go back to where you were before the above: ALT CONTROL Z Maximise a document window: CONTROL F10 Switch on AutoFormat mode: ALT CONTROL K Edit bookmark: CONTROL SHIFT F5 Convert to small capitals: CONTROL SHIFT K Change case: CONTROL SHIFT A Enter a comment: ALT CONTROL m Copy formatting: CONTROL SHIFT C Insert date: ALT SHIFT D Double underline: CONTROL SHIFT D Save file as: F12 Open the font editbox: CONTROL SHIFT F Open the font dialogue box: CONTROL D Insert footnote: ALT CONTROL F Undo formatting: CONTROL SPACEBAR Hanging indent: CONTROL T Remove hanging indent: CONTROL SHIFT T Create a hyperlink: CONTROL K Run macro: ALT F8 insert page number: alt shift p Invoke thesaurus: SHIFT F7 Insert time: ALT SHIFT T Move cursor to Toolbar: ALT release it, then press CONTROL TAB and right ARROW Underline word but not space: CONTROL SHIFT B Microsoft system information: ALT CONTROL F1 ******** -- I am using the free version of SPAMfighter for private users. 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