All, Based on the following assumptions for an EMD: * A module as a netlist of IBIS components and external pins * Interconnect models between these IBIS component pins consist of a netlist of interconnect blocks * Interconnect block models are: * Resistors * Inductors * Capacitors * Distributed RLGC models * S parameter Models * Impulse Response Models * Pole-Zero Models The purpose of this e-mail is to raise the issue of what is a Pole-Zero model and why do we need voltage controlled sources. I refer to http://www.ece.uci.edu/docs/hspice/hspice_2001_2-217.html Understanding Pole/Zero Analysis In pole/zero analysis, a network is described by its network transfer function which, for any linear time-invariant network, can be written in the general form: In the factorized form, the general function is: It seems to me that a Pole-Zero model can either be represented as a set of numbers like the polynomial coefficients a0, b0, a1, b1, a2, b2, .. or the factorized form a0, b0, z1, p1, z2, p2, ? Where is the controlled voltage source? I assume that one can model the pole-zero form into Spice, Verilog, and VHDL primitives, and doing so might utilize controlled voltage sources and other simulator specific models. Why it is not sufficient to just have a Pole-Zero model (either with polynomial coefficients and/or pole-zero coefficients). Walter